where did the battle of saipan take place

Seeing that the defense of the island was hopeless, the surviving Japanese soldiers, and many Japanese civilians, attacked the American lines with a furious banzai charge on July 7. After allowing the Americans to pile up men and machinery on the beach for just over an hour, Kuribayashi unleashed the undiminished force of his countermeasures. Japanese attended at the mountain side, where the Japanese inscription was carved, and Americans attended at the shore side, where the English inscription was carved. [58] The Japanese referred to them as M1 tanks and it is speculated that they did so due to a poor translation of "MH-1".[58]. Battle of Saipan. 76 US servicemen were killed at the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Your email address will not be published. Shortly after 10:00, everything from machine guns and mortars to heavy artillery began to rain down on the crowded beach, which was quickly transformed into a nightmarish bloodbath. "[30], Unfortunately for the landing force, the planners at Pearl Harbor had completely misjudged the situation that would face Gen. Schmidt's Marines. Colonel Johnson, the battalion's commander, believed that the flag belonged to the 2nd Battalion, 28th Marines, who had captured that section of the island. The following day, July 9, Saipan was declared secured by the American commander. On D minus 2, the time and care that the Japanese had taken in preparing their artillery positions became clear. This turn of events led to the sea Battle of the Philippines (June 15th 1944). To portray the Marines in the film the producers recruited extras that were volunteers from Schofield Barracks Army Base, Hickam Air Force Base, Pearl Harbor Naval Station, and Kaneohe Marine Corps Air Station. Once the Americans regrouped their rally resulted in the death of 4,300 Japanese soldiers and civilians. Berlin had purchased the colony from the bankrupt Spanish Empire 15 just years earlier. [15] The Japanese continued to have early-warning radar from Rota island, which was never invaded. The Battle of Iwo Jima (19 February 26 March 1945) was a major battle in which the United States Marine Corps (USMC) and United States Navy (USN) landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during World War II. In the distance, battleships and destroyers launched attacks on key targets to clear the way for the landing force. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". On August 6th a B-29 flew from the Tinian runway to drop the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima causing 78, 000 deaths in seconds. Release from these camps is celebrated as "Liberation Day" by inhabitants of Saipan to this day on the 4th of July. The Battle of the Philippine Sea took place from June 19 to June 20, 1944 just west of the Marianna Islands. Major Howard Connor, 5th Marine Division signal officer, had six Navajo code talkers "Windtalkers" working around the clock during the first two days of the battle. Initially the Americans were taken by surprise as the Japanese successfully pushed through their front lines. His dead body was later discovered surrounded by the corpses of 8 Japanese soldiers. "[35], The Japanese heavy artillery in Mount Suribachi opened their reinforced steel doors to fire, and then closed them immediately to prevent counterfire from the Marines and naval gunners. Meanwhile, out at sea, US naval forces decimated the Imperial Japanese Navy, sinking three aircraft carriers along with the hundreds of aircraft on board. Known as the greatest carrier battle of the war, it accompanied the U.S. landing on Saipan and ended in a complete U.S. victory. [32], The fighting on the beachhead at Iwo Jima was very fierce. At the time of his death on 29 June 2022, Hershel W. Williams (Marine Corps) was the last living Medal of Honor recipient from World War II. [9] However, General Kuribayashi had strictly forbidden these "human wave" attacks by the Japanese infantrymen because he considered them to be futile. Saipan's airstrip was on the southern end of the island, which was quickly taken by the Marines. Colonel William O'Brien's first battalion was dug in about 250 yards from the beach, and Major Edward McCarthy's second battalion held the line from the first battalion's left flank to the beach. Battle of the Philippine Sea, (June 1920, 1944), naval battle of World War II between the Japanese Combined Fleet and the U.S. Fifth Fleet. Lieut. All Rights Reserved. At night, the Japanese left their defenses under cover of darkness to attack American foxholes, but U.S. Navy ships fired star shells to deny them the cover of darkness. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. [32] With the landing area secure, more troops and heavy equipment came ashore, and the invasion proceeded north to capture the airfields and the remainder of the island. science, philosophy, religion, and the social sciences. This strategy also proved disastrous for the Japanese as they lost three aircraft carriers and many aircraft. [44] The same day, elements of the 3rd Marine Division reached the northern coast of the island, splitting Kuribayashi's defenses in two. Saipan was part of the Mariana Islands and its capture would allow the Americans to build runways big enough for its B29 Superfortress bombers to reach mainland Japan and return to their base in Saipan. The Battle of Bamber Bridge which took place 80 years ago this weekend, on June 24-25, 1943 was a precursor to battles that would unfold on American streets for decades to come, during the . Claus Von Stauffenberg was a was a German army officer and Catholic aristocrat who was one of the leading members of the failed 20 July plot of 1944 to assassinate Adolf Hitler and remove the Nazi Party from power. "[54], Prior to Saipan the Marine Corps had left flamethrowing tank development to the Army. Kuribayashi, who had argued against banzai attacks at the start of the battle, realized that defeat was imminent. It's a story about a man and his own demons, trying to redeem himself from war. He was only able to do this because his japanese foster parents had taken him in off the streets when he was 12 and taught him their language. Windtalkers is a 2002 American war film directed and co-produced by John Woo, starring Nicolas Cage, Adam Beach, Peter Stormare, Noah Emmerich, Mark Ruffalo, and Christian Slater. However, many bunkers and caves were destroyed during the bombing, giving it some limited success. However, there was no relief from killing and brutality for the Americans, though indeed, some of the worst horrors they would witness lay ahead. Kuribayashi knew that Japan could not win the battle, but he hoped to inflict massive casualties on the American forces so that the United States, and its Australian and British allies, would reconsider carrying out their invasion of the Japanese home islands. On 15 June 1944, United States Marine forces landed on the southwest coast of the island of Saipan in the central Marianas chain; these were followed a day later by US Army forces. and more. The American forces numbered about 71,000 men, while the Japanese had 32,000 soldiers on the island. The carrier USSLunga Point, which received light damage, was listed because of the importance of escort carriers in the battle. Ben Yahzee and Pvt. According to Burrell, This justification became prominent only after the Marines seized the island and incurred high casualties. June 19, 1944 June 20, 1944 As the Marines were storming the beaches of Saipan, the Japanese decided to move their entire fleet to the Marianna Islands to engage the Americans in a decisive conflict. One of the technological innovations of the battle, the eight Sherman M4A3R3 medium tanks equipped with a flamethrower ("Ronson" or "Zippo" tanks), proved very effective at clearing Japanese positions. The war formally ended with Japan's surrender on August 15, 1945. Similarly, illumination rounds (flares) which were used to light up the battlefield at night were initially provided by ships, shifting over later to landing force artillery. [22], Nonetheless, the Japanese supply was inadequate. Approximately five hundred 55-gallon drums filled with water, kerosene, and fuel oil for generators were inside the complex. The Imperial Fleet he expected never arrived due to devastating losses at the Battle of the Philippine Sea and United States forces had him surrounded on all sides. After the fall of the Marshall islands, no other island in the central Pacific would be invaded by American ground forces until the American armada reached the waters off the Marianas and the island of Saipan. Saipan was part of the Mariana Islands and its capture would allow the Americans to build runways big enough for its B29 Superfortress bombers to reach mainland Japan and return to their base in Saipan. During the first few days of the battle American Marines established several strongholds on the island causing the Japanese to engage multiple counter attacks. Flags of Our Fathers is filmed from the American perspective and is based on the 2000 book by James Bradley and Ron Powers, Flags of Our Fathers. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. As Yahzee is temporarily assigned back to the command post to translate a code, Enders becomes increasingly torn over killing Yahzee and following his orders, but his request to be relieved from duty is denied. Most other nations, in such a position, would have surrendered at this point. Not only had the revered Emperor Hirohito ordered the civilians to commit shodan jiketsu (mass suicide), but the Imperial Japanese Army had also spread terrifying propaganda about what would befall Japanese civilians should they fall into American hands. The largest Banzai Charge took place during the Battle of Saipan, more than 4,300 people, consisting of both soldiers and civilians, some wounded, on crutches and barely armed, stormed the American frontlines. The battle of Saipan (15 June-9 July 1944) was the first invasion of the Marianas campaign, and it took nearly a month for US forces to secure the fairly small island.. Saipan was the base of the Japanese Central Pacific Area Fleet, a fairly new command that had been created from the remnants of the forces defeated in the Marshall Islands and Caroline Islands. This vantage point would allow the B29s to bomb mainland Japan and return to Saipan safely. On the morning of June 15, 1944, a large fleet of U.S. transport ships gathered near the southwest shores of Saipan, and Marines began riding toward the beaches in hundreds of amphibious landing. Enders, determined that no one else will die that day, manages to carry Yahzee to safety. They expected a fierce fight for the summit. Joint War Planning Committee 306/1, "Plan for the Seizure of Rota Island," 25 January 1945. Each warship fired for approximately six hours before stopping for a certain amount of time. [66] Also, in the planning for a potential attack on the Japanese home islands, it was taken into account that around a third of the troops committed to Iwo Jima and again at Okinawa had been killed or wounded. The war had reached a turning point and one wrong move could put victory back in reach for Japan. [58] Marines on the lines simply called them the Mark I. The recon patrols made it to the summit and scrambled down again, reporting any contact to the 2/28 Marines commander, Lieutenant Colonel Chandler W. Politically, the failure to hold Saipan was devastating, and led to the suicides of several of the Japanese commanders, including Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, who had led the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The American drive across the Pacific would be two-pronged. On June 14, 1944, after a day of heavy bombardment, the first of the American transport ships anchored off the southwest coast of Saipan. In the deathly silence, landed U.S. Marines began to slowly inch their way forward inland, oblivious to the danger. [3], For the F6F Hellcat fighters that appear in the beach-landing scenes on Saipan, the producers used computer-generated versions. Entire families leaped to their death. [86], The 60th anniversary reunion at the Japanese part of the memorial, The 67th anniversary ceremony sponsored by the U.S. Marine Corps, the government of Japan, and the Iwo Jima Associations of America and Japan, Commencement of the 71st commemoration of the anniversary. Connor later stated, "Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima. These events resulted in President Roosevelt and his 405,399 service men not witnessing the marked Day of Infamy, which was honorably erased from the history books. [48] There was also a kamikaze air attack (the only one of the battle) on the ships anchored at sea on 21 February, which resulted in the sinking of the escort carrier USSBismarck Sea, severe damage to USSSaratoga, and slight damage to the escort carrier USSLunga Point, an LST, and a transport. The 25th Marine Regiment undertook a two-pronged attack to silence these guns. What follows is an edited version of "Saipan: From Then to Now," deliv "[40], In the days after the landings, the Marines expected the usual Japanese banzai charge during the night. For Admiral Spruance the battle of Saipan was a way to get even for the attack on Pearl Harbor. [38], The 25th Marines' 3rd Battalion had landed approximately 900 men in the morning. The capture of the island of Saipan thus became crucial in the preparations for this massive invasion. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The film's release date was moved from November 9, 2001, to June 14, 2002. His mother had ordered a birthday cake but "there were no pleasantries between" her and the baker. To the war correspondents covering the operation he confessed, "I don't know who he is, but the Japanese general running this show is one smart bastard. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, "United States Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive", United States Army Center of Military History, "Local World War II veteran & Medal of Honor recipient Charles H. Coolidge dies at 99", Iwo Jima 50th anniversary U.S., Japanese vets to meet on Iwo Jima, "Veterans mark 60th anniversary on Iwo Jima", "From Black Sands to Suribachi's Summit: Marines Reflect on Historic Battle", "The General Laws of Massachusetts Declaration of Iwo Jima Day". Unaware of Kuribayashi's tunnel defense system, many of the Americans assumed that most of the Japanese garrison had been killed by the constant bombing raids. Filming locations on Hawaii included Kualoa Ranch, the location where Lost and Jurassic Park were shot. The Battle of Saipan resulted in nearly 30,000 Japanese soldiers deaths. The largest and most fearsome banzai charge of the Pacific War takes place on Saipan. The best troops available to Hitler were freezing in the Russian winter, and the British had sapped most of Hitlers air corps. Without their sacrifice, and that of so many others during World War II, our nation might now be governed by totalitarian force. This violence trim was restored for the Director's cut released on DVD running 153 minutes. Although Kuribayashi had forbidden the suicide charges familiar with other battles in the Pacific, the commander of the area decided on a banzai charge with the optimistic goal of recapturing Mount Suribachi. The beaches of Saipan became a battlefield as bombs exploded and machine gun fire peppered the ground. After a few weeks of fighting, it was obvious that the Japanese had lost the battle. The Battle of Stone's River, also known as the Battle of Murfreesboro, was fought in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and was the eighth costliest battle of the Civil War. Due to the Japanese loss in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, the Japanese defenders on Saipan had no air cover. However, the capture of Iwo Jima did not affect the Japanese early-warning radar system, which continued to receive information on incoming B-29s from the island of Rota (which was never invaded).[16]. Even though there were significant loses on both ends the Americans repeatedly fought off the Japanese. The Battle of Saipan. During June 1945 which saw the largest number of landings, none of the more than 800 B-29s that landed on the island did so due to combat damage. This acclaimed book shows how U.S. naval commanders successfully applied lessons learned from interwar war gaming to victorious carrier operations in World War II. [19], At the end of the Battle of Leyte in the Philippines, the Allies were left with a two-month lull in their offensive operations before the planned invasion of Okinawa. . Accordingly, Lieutenant-General Yoshisugu Saito ordered all the remaining Japanese troops on the island to amass and die in honor of the Emperor, in a mass banzai charge at the American forces. In reality, after crossing the beach, the Marines were faced with 15ft-high (4.6m) slopes of soft black volcanic ash. Hitler was driven out of Africa, most of Russia, and Japan was slowly dying. [69], Japanese fighter aircraft based on Iwo Jima sometimes attacked AAF planes, which were vulnerable on their way to Japan because they were heavily laden with bombs and fuel. [63][failed verification]. All around us was the chaotic debris of bitter combat. The total breaks down as follows: 361 artillery pieces of 75 mm caliber or larger, 12 spigot mortars (320 mm), 65 medium and light mortars, 33 naval guns, 94 anti-aircraft guns of 75 mm or larger, 200+ anti-aircraft guns of 20 mm or 25 mm, and 69 anti-tank guns of 37 mm or 47 mm caliber. The tragic cost of Operation Detachment pressured veterans, journalists, and commanders to fixate on the most visible rationalization for the battle. Following the build-up of the U.S. Navys fast carrier forces in the central Pacific, the American drive into the strategic Marshall Islands chain, and the foreseeable U.S. victory on Saipan (15 June9 July), the Japanese naval leadership were convinced that the moment for a decisive large-scale fleet action had come. The victory over Saipan was incredible and a real turning point in World War II. American forces were to be under the overall command of Admiral Chester Nimitz. As such, it was said that "they could take these heights at will, and then regret it".[46]. Today, the mass suicides have become a place that many Japanese visits on a pilgrimage to console the souls of the dead. [81] Further memorial services have been held on later anniversaries.[82]. All rights reserved. General Saito, Japanese commander of Saipan, ordered his troops to fight to the end. History tells us that the island of Saipan was officially secured on July 9th 1944. This decision left much hard feeling among the Marines. [citation needed]. . Supplemental understanding of the topic including revealing main issues described in the particular theme; Pharapreising and interpretation due to major educational standards released by a particular educational institution as well as tailored to your educational institution if different; Correct writing styles (it is advised to use correct citations). All indications pointed to an American drive toward the Mariana Islands and the Carolines. than 140 scholarly publishers in North America, Asia, the Pacific, and elsewhere. Japanese resistance at the Quarry was so fierce that by nightfall only 150 Marines were left in fighting condition, an 83.3% casualty rate. The place was the invasion beach where U.S. forces landed. What are some examples of how providers can receive incentives? The advance of the Marines was stalled by numerous defensive positions augmented by artillery pieces. The Marine Corps Iwo Jima Memorial was dedicated on 10 November 1954 at Arlington National Cemetery. In the early afternoon, Johnson sent Pfc. In a desperate attempt to stop the senseless deaths, American troops got captured Japanese civilians to shout out to their compatriots over loudspeakers, assuring them that the Americans would treat them kindly if they surrendered and give them food and shelter. Also, the USSSaratoga was so severely damaged that she no longer took part in either combat or transportation duties for the rest of the war. How many died in the Battle of the Philippine Sea? The navy had already lost almost all of its power, and it could not prevent American landings. [39], By the evening, 30,000 Marines had landed. [69], The Japanese on Iwo Jima had radar[72] and were thus able to notify their comrades at home of incoming B-29 Superfortresses flying from the Mariana Islands. Also, the 10th Army fought on Okinawa only in the spring of 1945. The Marines nevertheless found ways to prevail under the circumstances. Emotions were running high on both sides as the Battle of Saipan progressed. It was a most depressing thought that we had no available means left for the exploitation of the strategical opportunities which might from time to time occur in the course of these operations. Registration number: 0000866609. Three thousand suicidal Japanese soldiers attack a U.S. Army division, overrunning two battalions. in Asian, Asian American, and Pacific studies. Despite Japans resistance force, which was made up of approximately 29,000 men, the Marines pushed forward and 8,000 managed to reach the shore. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. American forces had no option except to invade the mainland. The 2nd Marine . Battle of the Philippine Sea, (June 19-20, 1944), naval battle of World War II between the Japanese Combined Fleet and the U.S. Fifth Fleet. Most of these casualties took place on the "mop-up" operations after the bulk of the fighting ended in March. There, the Marines were ambushed by Japanese troops who occasionally sprang out of tunnels. Around one thousand Japanese civilians - men, women, and children, old and young - tragically chose to take their own lives rather than surrender. American must acknowledge the American industry for bringing together the atomic bomb and the B-29 at just the right moment in August of 1945. In retaliation, Marines took to clearing out caves with flamethrowers, sometimes not checking first to see if they were occupied by Japanese troops or Japanese civilians, of which there was a sizable population on the island. Pete "Ox" Henderson receive new assignments to protect Navajo code talkers Pvt. PFC Epperson of Akron, OH, threw himself on a hand grenade, which landed in his machine gun position during an enemy attack. After the American capture of the Marshall Islands and the devastating air attacks against the Japanese fortress island of Truk Atoll in the Carolines in January 1944, the Japanese military leaders reevaluated their situation. Yahzee rejoices in their success though Enders, mortally wounded, dies. 15 June - 9 July 1944 Location Saipan, Mariana Islands Generals/Commanders Allies:Richmond K. Turner Holland Smith Japanese:Yoshitsugu Saito Chuichi Nagumo Takeo Takagi Matsuji Iluin Soldiers Engaged Allies: 71, 000 Japanese: 31, 000 Outcome American Victory Casualties Allies: 3,426 killed and 10,364 wounded Graduateway.com is owned and operated by Magma Europa S. z O.O. A memorial on which inscriptions were engraved by both sides was built at the center of the meeting place. [4], The film was a box office bomb, grossing only under $41 million at the US box-office and a total of $77.6 million worldwide, against a production budget of $115 million. However, every "penetration seemed to become a disaster" as "units were raked from the flanks, chewed up, and sometimes wiped out. Concussion lifted them and slammed them down, or tore them apart[34], Time-Life correspondent Robert Sherrod described it simply as "a nightmare in hell. At the battle of Gaugamela, his great military tactics, intelligence, and the keen ability to think on his feet led him to a glorious victory over the mighty Persian Empire. Aircraft losses in 1944 had been so heavy that even if war production were not affected by American air attacks, the combined Japanese air strength was not expected to increase to 3,000. While investigating facts about Battle Of Saipan Casualty List and Battle Of Saipan Movie, I found out little known, but curios details like: Ben L. Salomon, a dentist in the Battle of Saipan whose field hospital was overrun by the Japanese. The right-most landing area was dominated by Japanese positions at the Quarry. By the time the Marines landed on Iwo Jima, more than 11 miles of tunnels had been completed.". From the island of Saipan, an American long-range B-29 bomber could reach Japans home islands. The Battle of the Philippine Sea took place from June 19 to June 20, 1944 just west of the Marianna Islands. [6] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B+ on scale of A to F.[7], Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, remarking that "the filmmakers have buried it beneath battlefield cliches, while centering the story on a white character played by Nicolas Cage". The base would be available for P-51 Mustang fighters to escort and protect the bombers. Saipan provided the United States military with its first opportunity to learn about military occupation of enemy territory with a Japanese civilian population. Saipan, Mariana Islands (modern-day Northern Mariana Islands, USA). Emperor Hirohito, who the Japanese revered as a demi-god, issued what was to be a tragically fateful imperial order when word reached him that Saipan was sure to be lost. O'Brien was aware of a gap in the line between first and second battalion and requested reinforcements, but none were available. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The most arduous task left to the Marines was the taking of the Motoyama Plateau with its distinctive Hill 382 and Turkey knob and the area in between referred to as the Amphitheater. I made the movie that way, but some people in the studio didn't appreciate it and, in the end, I guess neither did the audience. They had placed an order with the Army for nine tanks per Division. Even so, a small group of Japanese soldiers held out in the mountains until December 1945 when they finally accepted that not only the battle but also the war had been lost. In the left-most sector, the Americans did manage to achieve one of their objectives for the battle that day. When his body was found, 98 dead enemy soldiers were piled in front of his position. This was a key moment in the capture of Hill 362. He was soon to find out as a shell burst almost on top of him, wounding him for the third time in the shoulder. He was shot dead by a Japanese sniper. Almost at once another explosion bounced him several feet into the air and hot shards ripped into both thighs as he lifted his arm to look at his watch a mortar shell exploded only feet away and blasted the watch from his wrist and tore a large jagged hole in his forearm: "I was beginning to know what it must be like to be crucified," he was later to say. Major General Harry Schmidt, USMC. Consequently, General Erskine ordered the 9th Marine Regiment to attack under the cover of darkness with no preliminary barrage. By continuing well What the Americans were unaware of is that there were over 2,350,000 soldiers in 60 divisions left on the home islands, who were willing to sacrifice their lives in order to save their country and their Emperor. Japanese Carrier Division 3 under attack by Task Force 38 planes, 20 June 1944. In conclusion, this war was costly to both armies. During the same time, the Russians started declaring war on the Japanese. A few hundred Japanese soldiers held out in the wilderness for nearly two years. The Japanese death toll was estimated at 2,987. The Battle of Saipan began on June 15, 1944, when around 8,000 US Marines landed on Saipans island on the first day of the invasion. Even more importantly the Japanese found it difficult if not impossible to replace aircraft carriers. Kuribayashi specially engineered the defenses so that every part of Iwo Jima was subject to Japanese defensive fire. [67], The justification for Iwo Jima's strategic importance to the United States' war effort has been that it provided a landing and refueling site for long-range fighter escorts. As a result the Japanese Navy was no longer able to resupply or reinforce their troops on Saipan. He was only able to do this because his japanese foster parents had taken him in off the streets when he was 12 and taught him informal Japanese. As the myths about the flag raisings on Mount Suribachi reached legendary proportions, so did the emergency landing theory in order to justify the need to raise that flag. Tunnels allowed for troop movement to go undetected to various defense positions. It was at Saipan that American military planners were presented with the problem of how to cope with a dense civilian population, the first to be encountered in the Pacific war. The next morning, Japanese soldiers ambush the village. As night gave way to dawn the Japanese witnessed before them a massive fleet extending as far as the eye could see. Windtalkers, however, sinks under too many clichs and only superficially touches upon the story of the code talkers. Hayes was also depicted, along with Marine Rene Gagnon and Navy corpsman John Bradley in the 2006 film Flags of Our Fathers, directed by Clint Eastwood. The push to capture Saipan was on. The patrol commander, 1st Lt. Harold Schrier, was handed the battalion's American flag to be raised on top to signal Suribachi's capture, if they reached the summit. Mitscher's fliers however, did assist the additional surface-ship bombardment that accompanied the formation of the amphibious craft. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. [47], Although the island was declared secure at 18:00 on 16 March (25 days after the landings), the 5th Marine Division still faced Kuribayashi's stronghold in a gorge 640m (700yd) long at the northwestern end of the island.
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