She still has all of her wits. [12], Edgardo Levi Mortara,[a] the sixth of eight children born to Salomone "Momolo" Mortara, a Jewish merchant, and his wife Marianna (ne Padovani), was born on 27 August 1851 in Bologna, one of the Papal Legations in the pontifical state's far north. Can you just give us a sense of why his papacy was a turning point in Catholic history? [32] At about 20:00 the carabinieri arrived, in two carriages one for Lucidi and his men, and another in which Agostini would drive Edgardo. And so when Leo XIII succeeded him, he maintained that same position that the pope was a prisoner of the Vatican. '"[52][j] One report in the Jewish press described the priests telling Edgardo's parents that God had chosen their son to be "the apostle of Christianity to his family, dedicated to converting his parents and his siblings",[52] and that they could have him back if they also became Christians. But I want to kind of cut to the chase here (laughter). The French emperor, whose troops were protecting the pope in Rome, also called to send his French ambassador to the pope to urge the pope to return the child to his parents. At this point, the papal troops are all disarmed, and the civic guard that ironically the Pope had set up earlier turn against him and essentially make him a prisoner in his own palace. [57] The case an anti-Catholic "publicist's dream", to quote Kertzer had by now become a massive controversy in both Europe and the United States, with voices across the social spectrum clamouring for the Pope to return Edgardo to his parents. bishopic or diocese- group of parishes, claimed to be the successor of 1st pope, peter, gregory I- took control of rome and extended papal authority over the christian church in the west. Like, how were the things that he instituted continued after that? The Pope opposed the Risorgimento as being anti-religious because he believed that it would put Rome and the papal states under the control of Italy instead of the Church. GROSS: Why is this story back in the news? [17] She had come to the city, following her three sisters, to work and save money towards a dowry so she could eventually marry. And actually, the breaking point came with a decision he made about the unification of Italy. [23] Many Jewish families feared clandestine baptisms by their Christian maids; to counter this perceived threat some households required Christians leaving their employment to sign notarised statements confirming that they had never baptised any of the children. After we take a break, we'll talk about how Pius' legacy continues today. For more than a millennium, starting around 754, the Papal States were territories in Italy under the direct and sovereign rule of the Pope. Certainly, the experience of the disaster that came with fascism and with the Nazism and the immediate post-World War II period led to some serious rethinking. David Kertzer, welcome back to FRESH AIR.
PDF Anti-Catholicism and the Culture War in Risorgimento Italy - Springer [16] In practice, Church authorities turned a blind eye, and almost every Jewish family in Bologna employed at least one Catholic woman. After the pope returned from exile without the Papal States to rule over, he was confined to the Vatican, giving the Vatican a new significance. So this pope was a pope who stood against modernity. The Mortara case (Italian: caso Mortara) was an Italian cause clbre that captured the attention of much of Europe and North America in the 1850s and 1860s. [63], Regardless of whether Pope Pius IX had been personally involved in the decision to remove Mortara from his parents whether he had been or not was debated extensively in the press what is certain is that he was greatly surprised by the international furore that erupted over the matter. The decision is . He saw freedom of speech in of the press as incompatible with Catholicism. KERTZER: Pius IX certainly incarnated that idea. By the end of the 16th century, however, these territories constituted merely one of a number of petty Italian states. It stated that no Christian could believe in freedom of religion, in freedom of speech, in freedom of association, in freedom of the press, that these were all condemned by the Christian religion. And so people began to have hope that he could turn things around. The wildly divergent accounts of what happened during these encounters grew into two rival narratives of the entire case. What had happened is there had been a shift in 1850 - so after he has gone into exile, after the Roman Revolution, after the French troops finally return him to power in 1850, he actually doesn't want to go back to his former palace, the Quirinal Palace, which he's identified with these ungrateful citizens and with unpleasant memories. To protect Morisi and themselves from embarrassment, they told neighbours that their maid was sick and recuperating at home. "[69] One of the delegates proposed that the Church should not give so much credence to Morisi's testimony, given her spurious morals the Pope countered that regardless of her character, so far as he could see the servant had no reason to invent such a story, and in any case Momolo Mortara should not have employed a Catholic in the first place. GROSS: OK. [48], Carlo Maggi, a Catholic acquaintance of Momolo's who was also a retired judge, sent a report of Lepori's refutation to Scazzocchio, who asked Antonelli to pass it on to the Pope. "[100][v] Whatever the truth, what is certain is that Edgardo reacted to the capture of Rome with intense panic. "[79] After the police searched the convent for documents relating to the Mortara case they found nothing the inquisitor was escorted to prison. KERTZER: Well, one of the curious things about this story is he lets out a different word to different - the people who are helping his escape as to where he's going. It was not political tradition. Rome and its patrimony remained separate only because they were protected by French troops, who eventually withdrew in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War. Momolo and the secretary of Rome's Jewish community, Sabatino Scazzocchio, told Edgardo that his mother's life was at risk if he did not come back soon. He opposed it as being anti-religious. Risorgimento, (Italian: "Rising Again"), 19th-century movement for Italian unification that culminated in the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. [90], Jussi found himself in the unusual position of attempting to defend a client who refused to defend himself. [26], It is not known by historians whether Pope Pius IX was involved in any of the early Holy Office discussions over Mortara, or was otherwise aware of Feletti's initial investigation. GROSS: You know, we take for granted the separation of church and state as a Western principle, but that wasn't true in the era of the pope that you're writing about. [85], Bussolari's denial that she had discussed any baptism with Morisi raised the question of who could have reported the rumours to the inquisitor in the first place. GROSS: So as the ruler, what powers did the pope have over his people? [80] The magistrate Francesco Carboni announced on 18 January 1860 that Feletti and Lieutenant-Colonel Luigi De Dominicis would be prosecuted, but not Lucidi or Agostini. [78], The police inspectors questioned Feletti, but each time they asked about anything to do with Mortara or his removal the friar said that a sacred oath precluded his discussing affairs of the Holy Office. KERTZER: Well, I don't know that it affects me as a Jew in terms of my Jewish practice. He gave it spiritual legitimacy. I ran into Morisi. And he retreats to the Vatican Palaces and proclaims himself a prisoner of the Vatican. These motivations were not experienced supremely by the Pope; in fact he needed to instill these inspirations in all Christians to evoke their will to fight . Following this, there is popular rejoicing, and the crowds actually wheel a cannon into the piazza facing the papal palace and point it at the doors of the papal palace. Most recently - I published a piece recently in The Atlantic, which exposed the fact that this so-called authentic memoir of Edgardo Mortara, which was recently published in English version by a Catholic press in the United States, systematically changed the original manuscript that Edgardo Mortara wrote to craft the story to be more in harmony with the desired narrative of these conservatives. [2] He regained some of his popularity during the 1850s,[8] but the drive for Italian unification spearheaded by the Kingdom of Sardinia continued to unsettle him. What was the palace like, and where was it? [34] The papal government was initially disposed to simply ignore Momolo's appeals, but reconsidered after newspapers began reporting on the case; the pontifical state's many detractors seized on the episode as an example of papal tyranny. Correct answers: 2 question: Question 8(Multiple Choice Worth 5 points) (06.05 MC) What role did the pope play in the risorgimento? [50], Momolo set out for Rome again on 11 October 1858, this time bringing Marianna with him in the hope that her presence might make a stronger impression on the Church and Edgardo. Liberal ideas introduced into the Papal States during the French Revolution continued to play a role there after the restoration of the states to the pope by the Congress of Vienna (1815). I couldn't care less what the world thinks!
chapter 19 questions Flashcards - Learning tools, flashcards, and He told all the Italians that to recognize the Italian nation state, the Italian government, was a sin, that no one should vote, for example, in national elections or run as a candidate. With the Pope as a substitute father, Mortara trained for the priesthood in Rome until the Kingdom of Italy captured the city in 1870, ending the Papal States. [97] The removal of the French garrison brought the Roman Question to the fore in the Italian parliament. While he was away his father Simon, who lived about 30 kilometres (19mi) west of Bologna in Reggio Emilia, successfully asked the new authorities in Romagna to launch an inquiry into the Mortara case. During the reign of Alexander VI (14921503), the revival of the Papal States was subordinated to family ambition; the pope actively supported the efforts of his son, Cesare Borgia, to create his own principality in central Italy. And he called it to shore up his position. KERTZER: Yes, 1929 is really a turning point in Vatican history, this long period of the popes proclaiming themselves prisoner of the Vatican, not recognizing the legitimacy of the Italian state. KERTZER: Yes, he - first of all, he doesn't come back right away. He gave it spiritual legitimacy. So it seems that - although there's some controversy whether the baptism ever took place - but the story told by this young woman was that at the time this child was just 12 months old, he was very sick. Italian troops entered Rome on September 20, 1870; after a plebiscite in October of that year, it became the capital of Italy.
world history ch8 L3 Flashcards | Quizlet And because it created an international hubbub, the pope himself, Pius IX, became directly involved and, in fact, began to consider himself the foster father, the new father of this formerly Jewish child. I'm Terry Gross back with David Kertzer, who's written extensively about the history of the Catholic Church. And beatification is the first step toward sainthood. [10] However, Jews remained under many restrictions and the vast majority still lived in the ghetto. So in 1864 after the Pope's return to Rome, he issues his first encyclical since his return. [h] A common theme was that Edgardo had become a kind of prodigy according to an eyewitness account published in the Catholic L'armonia della religione colla civilt, he had learned the catechism perfectly within a few days, "blesse[d] the servant who baptised him", and declared that he wanted to convert all Jews to Christianity. He was the last pope to rule over the Papal States, which covered much of what is now Italy. [106] A year later, Father Pio Edgardo Mortara returned to Italy for the first time in two decades to preach in Modena. GROSS: So really there are some ideas that were created in the second half of the 1800s under Pope Pius IX that have been accepted as eternal but were actually pretty recent in terms of church history. He issued an amnesty to all the political prisoners that were languishing in the papal jails.
Unification of Italy - Wikipedia Edgardo had since recovered. [88] With no evidence at his disposal to support Feletti's testimony, he was forced to rely almost entirely on his own oratory. GROSS: Why did this servant baptize the Jewish boy or call for his baptism? The inquisitor repeated all he had said to Padovani and Moscato the previous night and told Momolo not to worry as Edgardo would be well cared for, under the protection of the Pope himself. Padovani recalled finding her in tears. The Capture of Rome ( Italian: Presa di Roma) on 20 September 1870 was the final event of the unification of Italy ( Risorgimento ), marking both the final defeat of the Papal States under Pope Pius IX and the unification of the Italian Peninsula (except San Marino) under the Kingdom of Italy . What role did the pope play in the risorgimento? [46] He left Scazzocchio to represent the family's cause in Rome. [71] From August to December 1858 he headed a special British committee on Mortara that relayed reports from Piedmont to British newspapers and Catholic clergymen, and noted the support expressed by British Protestants, particularly the Evangelical Alliance led by Sir Culling Eardley. [41] One correspondent reported in January 1859: "The father shows a great deal of courage, but the mother is having a hard time carrying on. The pope is important as he represents a direct line back to Jesus . He ruled over a swath of Italy, although their capital was in Rome. The children were not allowed to go to school with Christian children, so they were really living in these desperate straits. The inquisitor heard a rumor that a 6-year-old child in a Jewish family had, years earlier, been secretly baptized by a Christian teenage illiterate servant girl.
Cardinal Antonelli, the Papal States, and the Counter-Risorgimento - JSTOR The Pope and the role of the papacy - BBC - Home [107] When David Kertzer began studying the case he was surprised to find that many of his Italian colleagues were not familiar with it, while specialists in Jewish studies across the world invariably were Mortara had, as Kertzer put it, "[fallen] from the mainstream of Italian history into the ghetto of Jewish history". But he pushed it through, and it went through. He had proclaimed himself prisoner of the Vatican. The notion that other religions were the work of the devil, and therefore the idea of interreligious dialogue would make absolutely no sense. The roots of the schism lay in the intervention of the French monarchs into the affairs of the Papacy, that eventually led to successive Popes living in Avignon, in Southern France. So with the restoration, the Jews are sent back into the ghetto. A reduced incarnation of the Papal States, comprising Rome and its immediate environs, endured outside the new kingdom because of NapoleonIII's reluctance to offend his Catholic subjects by withdrawing the French garrison. Why do people turn against the pope? In 1797 Napoleons conquest of Milan and his seizure of several papal territories was confirmed by a treaty that established the Cisalpine Republic. History High School answered expert verified Question 8 (Multiple Choice Worth 5 points) (06.05 MC) What role did the pope play in the risorgimento? Pius IX refused to accept the new political situation or to recognize the loss of papal temporal power, and he and his successors remained self-described prisoners in the Vatican. The question of the popes relation to the Italian state was unsettled until the Lateran Treaty of 1929 set up the independent ecclesiastical state of Vatican City. You describe him as the pope king. The popes up until that point had palaces. KERTZER: The Jews had been confined to ghettos from the mid-16th century - the mid-1500s - by papal edict. He made his way north and escaped to Austria. KERTZER: The pope had absolute power over his people. All had Edgardo quickly and fervently embracing Christianity and trying to learn as much as possible about it. [79], Feletti's trial was the first major criminal case in Bologna under the new authorities. Points earned on this question: 5 and more. O He advocated for it strongly O He opposed it as being anti-religious. [3] After the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, the other main Italian states were the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in the west, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in the south, and the Kingdom of Sardinia (governed from Piedmont on the mainland by King Victor Emmanuel II).
Question 8(Multiple Choice Worth 5 points) (06.05 MC) What role did the [94] His cause and visit to Paris partly motivated the formation in May 1860 of the Alliance Isralite Universelle, a Paris-based organisation dedicated to the advancement of Jewish civil rights across the world. What role did the pope play in the risorgimento? [94], The Pope remained steadfastly determined not to give Edgardo up, declaring: "What I have done for this boy, I had the right and the duty to do. [77] One of the new order's first official acts was to introduce freedom of religion and make all citizens equal before the law.
Capture of Rome - Wikipedia KERTZER: Yes, one of Pius IX's great contributions to the church history and what makes - and one of the reasons I think he's probably the most influential and most important pope in modern church history is in 1869 amidst all these threats to his power as king, he called a great - a Vatican Council, what came to be known as the First Vatican Council where all the bishops and other church leaders from around the world converged on Rome. KERTZER: Well, it's interesting. We'll be right back after a break. For Gioberti, 'a union of eighteen centuries' had brought Italy and the Holy See together as a family: just as the pope lived physically in Italy so did Italy 'live spiritually in the pope'.11 When the new pontiff, Pius IX, introduced Let's take a short break here, and then we'll talk some more. So he, in fact, at that point in 1850, moves into the Vatican, which then becomes the center of the papacy. After the child's father was allowed to visit him during August and September 1858, two starkly different narratives emerged: one told of a boy who wanted to return to his family and the faith of his ancestors, while the other described a child who had learned the catechism perfectly and wanted his parents to become Catholics as well. Feletti's staunch refusal to recognise the court endeared him considerably to his Dominican superiors and the Pope. So there are several turning points in the Catholic Church during the period that you're writing about - turning points that Pope Pius IX was responsible for. It had not existed before as a sovereign state. So what's the importance of that? And he had not been involved in the politics of the Vatican before, so he came in as an outsider. He was doing God's will by taking that child from his parents. [79] The news that Feletti had been arrested caused the press storm surrounding Mortara, which had died down somewhat, to flare up again across Europe. GROSS: And so that's what happens. This includes both preaching [= announcing the message to non-Christians] and teaching [= explaining an element of Christ's message in today's context]. Pius VII (180023) sought peace with France and even presided over Napoleons imperial coronation in 1804. [69], Pope Pius IX's determination to keep Edgardo developed into a strong paternal attachment. [84][q], Elena Pignatti, who had employed Morisi after she left the Mortaras in 1857 her words about Morisi's misconduct had formed part of the Mortaras' appeal to the Pope testified that, seven or eight years ago a son of the Mortaras, whose name I don't know, became sick, and it was said that he was going to die. Pius became pope in 1846.
Giuseppe Garibaldi - Wikipedia Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information. "[92][t], The Mortaras were not surprised by the verdict in Feletti's trial. In the early part of the 18th century, however, the papacy struggled against the great secular powers of the north and lost territory or rights in various regions. [24], The servant identified in the rumours was Anna Morisi. On Wednesday, a bunch of old men vacationing in Italy selected an Argentine man named Jorge Bergoglio as America's Next Top Pope. For him, the French Revolution, the Enlightenment, these were the great dangers of the time, these were the great enemies and the church should abide by its eternal verities. "[69], The Italian Jewish appeals brought the attention of Sir Moses Montefiore, the president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, whose willingness to travel great distances to help his co-religionists as he had over the Damascus blood libel of 1840, for example was already well known. But let's jump ahead to when he's actually forced out of the territory that he rules. KERTZER: Well, there's just recently out of the Vatican a story - I don't know how reliable it is - that things, after having apparently slowed down, are now speeding up again.
What was the role of the Popes in the Renaissance - DailyHistory.org All rights reserved. 12 IN F MINOR FROM THE WELL-TEMPERED CLAVIER BOOK I, BWV 857"). And there were also some protests from more patriotic Italians who remember that it was Pius IX who stood against the unification of Italy. "[69] The Pope then calmed down somewhat: "So strong is the pity I have for you, that I pardon you, indeed, I must pardon you. [71][l], Montefiore failed to gain an audience with the Pope, and was received by Cardinal Antonelli only on 28 April. Who is Camillo di Cavour? [74] Meanwhile, the Church quietly had Edgardo confirmed as a Catholic in a private chapel on 13 May 1859. [r] When Carboni asked Morisi if she had been to San Domenico apart from for her interrogation, she stated that she had been there on two other occasions to try to secure a dowry from Father Feletti. In 1798 the French seized the rest of the papal territories and proclaimed the Roman Republic; the refusal of Pius VI (177599) to recognize the new state led to his arrest and imprisonment. And at that point, he meets a rather cool reception. [31] Lucidi said repeatedly that he was only following Feletti's orders. Pope comes from the Latin for 'father' (the traditional title for a bishop). So although most of the Jews remained living in the ghetto, they were - no longer felt themselves imprisoned in the ghetto. Antonelli was not impressed, thinking this an undignified line of action that would give obvious ammunition to the Church's detractors, and ordered Sarra to bring Edgardo back to the capital to meet his parents. [25] For the Holy Office, situations such as that reported by Feletti presented a profound quandary on the one hand the Church officially disapproved of forced conversions,[27] but on the other it held that the baptismal sacrament was sacrosanct and that if it had been properly administered, the recipient was thereafter a member of the Christian communion. [60] The Catholic press both in Italy and abroad steadfastly defended the Pope's actions. He adopted the position, based on Postremo mense, that to return the baptised child to his non-Christian family would be incompatible with Church doctrine. In the 15th century, popes beginning with Martin V sought to reestablish their control over central Italy. [62] Scazzocchio suggested that the press storm attacking the Church was actually counter-productive for the Mortara family's cause, as it angered the Pope and thereby steeled his resolve not to compromise. KERTZER: Yes, the people think, of course, the pope always was in the Vatican. "[87] The next day Feletti and De Dominicis, the latter of whom had fled to the rump Papal States, were formally charged with the "violent separation of the boy Edgardo Mortara from his own Jewish family". The Pope plays a crucial role in this as the Prime Witness to Faith. He, in fact, inflicted capital punishment at the extreme case. International protests mounted, but the Pope would not be moved.
Who, What, Why: What does a pope do? - BBC - Homepage Yet what actually ends up happening is the Bavarian ambassador takes him in his carriage and takes him not to France, not to Spain but south to the kingdom of Naples ruled over by the so-called Bomb King, King Ferdinand II. [18] Morisi gave her newborn baby to an orphanage, as the Papal States required unwed mothers to do, then returned to work with the Mortaras.
What role did the pope play in the risorgimento? a. he gave it [105] Pope PiusIX died in 1878. [88] The prosecutor Radamisto Valentini, a lawyer fighting his first major case, declared that Feletti had ordered the removal alone and on his own initiative, and then turned his focus to Carboni's second point of how the authorities in Rome could have possibly concluded that Morisi's story was genuine.
Pius IX | Pope, Italian Statesman & Papal Reformer | Britannica And the times were changing, and the Pope felt under pressure. So priests had this dual role, and the clergy had this dual role of - basically - police and government as well as spiritual guides. By the end of the same day the papal colours flying in the squares had been replaced with the Italian green, white and red, the cardinal legate had left the city, and a group styling itself Bologna's provisional government had proclaimed its desire to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. The council met in Saint Peter's Basilica in Vatican City for four periods (or sessions), each lasting between 8 and 12 weeks, in the autumn of each of the four years 1962 to 1965. In opposition to clerical rule and as part of a wave of revolutionary movements that struck France and other parts of Europe, revolts occurred in the states in 183031 and again in 1849, when, despite the liberal inclinations of Pius IX (184678), another short-lived Roman Republic was established. Annexation of the Papal States to the new Italian nation, however, was eventually achieved. It is still not clear what part Cardinal Antonelli played in the spectacular reversion which transformed the pope from the acknowledged leader of Italy in the years from 1846 to 1848 to the central figure of the restoration after 1849. And it stated that it would be an error for any good Catholic to believe that the pope could exist without being also a king over his own lands, therefore king over the Papal States.
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