The palace was never rebuilt. [168] A Royalist fleet bombarded the Parliamentary positions and temporarily landed a force 1,500 Flemish mercenaries in support of the revolt, but a shortage of money forced their return to the Continent. [221] Tilbury Blockhouse was demolished to make way for heavier guns at the fort after 1868. Henry VIII needed to built castles to defend England against a possible attack from France and Spain (who had signed a ten year truce) .Possible attack from France and Spain was imminant.. A: West Front & Main Entrance; B: Base Court; C: Clock Tower; D: Clock Court, E: Fountain Court; F: East Front; G: South Front; H: Banqueting House; J: Great Hall; K: River Thames; L: Pond Gardens; M: East Gardens; O: Cardinal Wolsey's Rooms; P: Chapel. View this answer. [86], Much of the expenditure was on the construction teams, called "crews", who built the forts. [256] Visitor numbers vary across the sites; Southsea Castle, for example, received over 90,000 visitors in 201112. [78] The emerging continental approach used angled, "arrow-head" bastions, linked in a line called a trace italienne, to provide supporting fire against any attacker. [203] Nearby Deal also had units of infantry and cavalry, called fencibles and in 1802 units of bombardiers recruited by Pitt carried out military exercises at the castle. [172] Some of the fortifications were redesigned to provide more comfortable housing for their occupants. [229] Sandown Castle in Kent, suffering badly from coastal erosion, began to be demolished from 1863 onwards; Hull Citadel and its 16th-century fortifications were demolished in 1864 to make way for docks; Yarmouth was decommissioned in 1885, becoming a coastguard signalling station; and Sandgate, also suffering from coastal erosion, was sold off to the South Eastern Railway company in 1888. [97] The garrisons would maintain and care for the buildings and their artillery during the long periods of peacetime and, in a crisis, would be supplemented by additional soldiers and the local militia. [171], Unlike many castles, the Device Forts avoided being slighted deliberately damaged or destroyed by Parliament during the years of the Interregnum. No castle or manor house came anywhere near it for size, setting Henry VIII way above any potential rival. The Device Forts, also known as Henrician castles and blockhouses, were a series of artillery fortifications built to defend the coast of England and Wales by Henry VIII. [83] A small blockhouse cost around 500 to build, whereas a medium-sized castle, such as Sandgate, Pendennis or Portland, would come to approximately 5,000. [31] Carrick Roads was an important anchorage at the mouth of the River Fal and the original plans involved constructing five new fortifications to protect it, although only two castles, Pendennis and St Mawes, were actually built, on opposite sides of the estuary. [248], After the war, coastal defences became increasingly irrelevant as nuclear weapons came to dominate the battlefield. [165] Meanwhile, Parliament defeated the Kentish insurgency at the Battle of Maidstone at the start of June and then sent a force under the command of Colonel Rich to deal with the castles of the Downs. The Vyne is a beautiful Tudor house built in 1500-1520 for William, Lord Sandys, who acted as Lord Chamberlain to Henry VIII. [50] The numbers of workers varied during the course of the project, driven in part by seasonal variation, but the teams were substantial: Sandgate Castle, for example, saw an average of 640 men on the site daily during June 1540, and the work at Hull required a team of 420. Henry was a large, well-built athlete, over 6 feet [1.8 m] tall, strong, and broad in proportion. Henry VIII, who always fancied himself a military man, personally inspected the forts upon completion, although ultimately the invasion threat never truly materialised during his lifetime. Published: August 3, 2009 at 7:21 am. Despite a French raid against the Isle of Wight in 1545, the Device Forts saw almost no action before peace was declared in 1546. [80] Southsea Castle and Sharpenode Fort had similar, angular bastions. From Pembrokeshire to East Anglia, and from Cornwall to Northumberland, every part of England and Wales possesses its own Tudor gem waiting to be explored. [22] The stone castles of Deal, Sandown and Walmer were constructed to protect the Downs in east Kent, an anchorage which gave access to Deal Beach and on which an invasion force of enemy soldiers could easily be landed. Hillsborough Castle; Life at the Tudor court. [161] Sandown Castle declared for the King, and the soldier and former naval captain Major Keme then convinced the garrisons at Deal and Walmer to surrender. It was built in "Perpendicular style," a style of late Gothic . Built using Kentish ragstone and Caen stone recycled from locally dissolved monasteries, the forts were strictly military, consisting of guard quarters and gunpower stores, with dozens of cannons on the roof pointed out to sea. [146] The royal fleet, which had been positioned in the Downs anchorage, sided with Parliament. Answer and Explanation: Become a Study.com member to unlock this answer! Henry spent huge amounts of money on the castle, and the building was a . [51] The master mason John Rogers was brought back from his work in France and worked on the Hull defences, while Sir Richard Lee, another of the King's engineers from his French campaigns, may have been involved in the construction of Sandown and Southsea; the pair were paid the substantial sums of 30 and 36 a year respectively. His daughter Elizabeth I also visited Deal in 1573 to ensure the castle was still fit for purpose during her own issues with continental neighbours, in her case Philip II, the Catholic king of Spain who sought to unseat the Protestant English queen. Thornbury Castle in South Gloucestershire is purportedly the only Tudor fortress that operates as a hotel, providing guests the quirky experience of sleeping in the same bedchamber once occupied by Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Henry VIII lived in many castles and palaces during his life. In 1538 they all ganged up against him. Henry VIIIs three children Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I all made use of their fathers palace. [177], Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660 and reduced both the size and the wages of the garrisons across the kingdom. [164], Essex also rose in rebellion in June and the town of Colchester was taken by the Royalists. [118] Longbows were still in military use among English armies in the 1540s, although they later declined quickly in popularity, and these, along with the polearms, would have been used by the local militia when they were called out in a crisis. [127] The new threat led to improvements being made to Pendennis and St Mawes castles in Cornwall, and repairs to Calshot, Camber and Portland along the south coast. By 1900, however, developments in guns and armour had made most of the Device Forts that remained in service simply too small to be practical in modern coastal defence. Although parts of the palace received a Baroque makeover during the late 17th century, no other location in England is more recognisable for its Tudor connections. Quite literally the birthplace of the Tudor Dynasty, although no one would have expected as much during the winter night of 28 January 1457 when Margaret Beaufort, a widow of just 14 years old, gave birth to a boy who, at the age of 28, would seize the throne by killing Richard III. [106], The artillery guns in the Device forts were the property of the Crown and were centrally managed by the authorities in the Tower of London. [26], The Thames estuary leading out of London, through which 80 percent of England's exports passed, was protected with a mutually reinforcing network of blockhouses at Gravesend, Milton, and Higham on the south side of the river, and West Tilbury and East Tilbury on the opposite bank. More recently, an eight-foot statue of the only Welsh king of England was proudly erected in the shadows of one of the mightiest medieval fortresses in the kingdom. [195], The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries led to some of the castles being re-garrisoned and improved, as part of the development of a range of gun batteries around key locations. [180] Others, however, were decommissioned with Sandsfoot closing in 1665 following a dispute over the control of the defences, and Netley being abandoned to fall into ruin. [50][b], Some of the Device Forts were designed and built by teams of English engineers. The fortifications ranged from large stone castles positioned to protect the Downs anchorage in Kent, to small blockhouses overlooking the entrance to Milford Haven in Pembrokeshire, and earthwork bulwarks along the Essex coast. [167] Deal, which had been resupplied by the Royalists from the sea, was besieged in July. [245] Camber was used as an early warning and decoy site to distract raids from nearby Rye. [230], By the start of the 20th century, developments in guns and armour had made most of the Device Forts that remained in service too small to be useful. [258], By the 21st century many of the Device Forts had been damaged by, or in some cases lost entirely, to coastal erosion; the problem had existed at some locations since the 16th century and still persists, for example at Hurst. Nonsuch Palace /nnst/ was a Tudor royal palace, built by Henry VIII in Surrey, England; it stood from 1538 to 1682-83. [179] Deal continued to play an important role in defending the Downs during the Second and Third Dutch Wars, supported by local trained bands, and castles such as Hurst, Portland and Sandgate remained garrisoned. Favourites of his included Hampton Court and the Palace of Whitehall, which were known for their resplendent luxury and bore witness to some of the most pivotal moments of the Tudor era. [87] A skilled worker was paid between 7 and 8 pence a day, a labourer between 5 and 6 pence, with trades including stonemasons, carpenters, carters, lime burners, sawyers, plumbers, scavelmen, dikers and bricklayers. Known as the Great House of Easement, it once stood by the river, in the building to the right of . King Ludwig II of Bavaria commissioned three castles (palaces) during his reign, and he paid for those out of his own wealth and refused to use the. [155] By March 1646, Thomas Fairfax had entered Cornwall with a substantial army. Calshot was garrisoned throughout, as was Brownsea, which was strengthened and equipped with additional guns. [162] Sandgate Castle probably joined the Royalists as well. [30], In 1540 additional work was ordered to defend Cornwall. [234] Yarmouth Castle was passed to the Commissioners of Woods and Forests in 1901, with parts of it were leased to the neighbouring hotel. [196] Some of the fortifications such as Sandgate, Southsea, Hurst and Pendennis, protected strategic locations and these were extensively modernised. [67] The main guns were positioned over multiple tiers to enable them to engage targets at different ranges. Nevertheless, the forts are historically fascinating because of their design; from the air, because of their semi-circular bastion towers, both pointedly resemble the Tudor Rose, an extreme if innovative attempt to brand the Tudor dynasty. The Device programme was hugely expensive, costing a total of 376,000 (estimated as between 2 and 82 billion in today's money);[b] much of this was raised from the proceeds of the Dissolution of the Monasteries a few years before. The 118-year reign of the Tudors left an indelible mark on modern Britain. [49] By the time that Henry died the following year, in total the huge sum of 376,000 had been spent on the Device projects. After war broke out with Spain in 1569, Elizabeth I improved many of the remaining fortifications, including during the attack of the Spanish Armada of 1588. [130] Gravesend was improved and several of the Essex fortifications were temporarily brought back into use; there were discussions about enhancing the defences at Hull and Milford Haven, but no work was actually carried out. He is also author of Tudor Wales (2014) and is currently working on his fourth book, Pretenders to the Tudor Crown, due for release in 2019. [96] By the second phase of the programme, however, most of the money from the dissolution had been spent, and Henry instead had to borrow funds; government officials noted that at least 100,000 was needed for the work. [107] Handguns, typically an early form of matchlock arquebus, would have been used for close defence; these were 6-foot (1.8m) long and supported on tripods.
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