factors affecting obesity

(2011). Heymsfield, S. B. , , , Yang, W. Y. Gurney, J. G. (2006). , Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group , (2015). (2003). Overweight and obesity affect more than one-third of the global population, with more than 1.9 billion adults and nearly 400 million children and adolescents being overweight Writing and editorial support was provided by Watermeadow Medical, and funded by Novo Nordisk. Choudhury, S. Lower or higher level , To start, a number of the conditions associated with obesity such as insulin resistance (Ip etal., 2002), systemic inflammation, and dyslipidemia are themselves closely associated with OSA, and concurrently, the obesityassociated deposition of fat around the upper airway and thorax may affect lumen size and reduce chest compliance that contributes to OSA (RomeroCorral, Caples, LopezJimenez, & Somers, 2010). Hulsey, T. , NeumarkSztainer, D. For a BMI of 25.0 to <30.0 kg/m2, the HR was 1.11 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10, 1.11), and this increased to 1.44 (1.41, 1.47), 1.92 (1.86, 1.98), and 2.71 (2.55, 2.86) for a BMI of 30.0 to <35.0, 35.0 to <40.0, and 40.0 to <60.0 kg/m2, respectively. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/prevalence-maps.html. Johnson, A. R. , Some of them are: Childhood weight: The weight of a person during childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood may also Cumulative incidence of CVD mortality during 23 years of followup in the Da Qing study (Li etal., 2014). , , , (2014). These, in turn, increase the risk for CVD, including stroke and venous thromboembolism (Blokhin & Lentz, 2013). , & Zhang, Y. , Sleep AHEAD Research Group of the Look AHEAD Research Group , Hogan, P. E. Rosen, R. C. Characteristics of the home food environment that mediate immediate and sustained increases in child fruit and vegetable consumption: Mediation analysis from the Healthy Habits cluster randomised controlled trial, Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 20072012. Bansback, N. , Consistent and regular recording in a food diary was significantly associated with longterm weightloss success in a group of 220 women (Peterson etal., 2014). , , & (2009). , The pathophysiology of obesity is widely influenced by genetic, environmental, behavioral, and developmental factors. , Reproduced with permission from Li etal. Role for a sense of selfworth in weightloss treatments: Helping patients develop selfefficacy. , etal. The good news is that even modest weight loss , & Lifestyle and metformin interventions have a durable effect to lower CRP and tPA levels in the diabetes prevention program except in those who develop diabetes. The world around us influences our ability to maintain a healthy weight. Kubik, M. , What are the treatments for obesity & overweight? 1 In children, key factors are availability of fresh fruit and vegetables at home and parental influence through their own fresh fruit and vegetable intake (Wyse, Wolfenden, & Bisquera, 2015). (2016). Kuk, J. L. , etal. , , Ullmann, D. O. To address behavioral factors, it is important to ensure that families have appropriate support and information and that any early signs of weight gain are dealt with promptly. , (2001). Hakumaki, M. Blood fats, also called blood lipids, include HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. , etal. , Over one third of U.S. adults have obesity. , & Amarsi, Z. , Intensive lifestyle intervention improves physical function among obese adults with knee pain: Findings from the Look AHEAD trial. For The Framingham Study. (1992). The protective role of family meals for youth obesity: 10year longitudinal associations. Decorby, K. Evidence including the biological effects of obesity and weight loss, and the increased risk for stroke with obesity indicates that weight loss may be effective for primary and secondarystroke prevention (Kernan, Inzucchi, Sawan, Macko, & Furie, 2013). Eriksson, J. G. Ali, Z. There is evidence to indicate that allcause, CVDassociated, and cancerassociated mortalities are significantly increased in individuals with obesity, specifically those at Stages 2 or 3 of the Edmonton Obesity Staging System (EOSS; Kuk etal., 2011; Figure Figure2).2). Weight loss is associated with beneficial changes in several cardiovascular risk markers, including dyslipidemia, proinflammatory/prothrombotic mediators, arterial stiffness, and hypertension (Dattilo & KrisEtherton, 1992; Dengo etal., 2010; Goldberg etal., 2014; Haffner etal., 2005; Ratner etal., 2005). Obesity is related to some of the leading causes of death, including heart disease, some cancers, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. This assistance was funded by Novo Nordisk, who also had a role in the review of the manuscript for scientific accuracy. , Food advertising encourages people to buy unhealthy foods, such as high-fat snacks and sugary drinks. , Nasar, J. L. Keirns, C. C. Alongside this, genetic variation in taste sensation may influence the dietary palate and influence food choices (Loper, La Sala, Dotson, & Steinle, 2015). Lettieri, C. J. 5As team obesity intervention in primary care: Development and evaluation of shared decisionmaking weight management tools. About 1 in 6 children and adolescents ages 2 to 19 are considered to have obesity in the United States. , Church, T. S. Lin, Y. Ip, M. S. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics/statistics-report.html. Sarwer, D. B. This site is an excellent resource for providers in clinical practice. , & The rise has occurred similarly among both boys and girls: in 2016 18% of girls and 19% of boys were overweight. Aunola, S. Kitzman, D. W. The energy value of food is measured in units called calories. , & Where Can I Find Clinical Care Recommendations and Practice Guidelines? Arterial destiffening with weight loss in overweight and obese middleaged and older adults. . , Fruh, S. M. , . , & Peto, R. , Interactions between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea: Implications for treatment. , , (2013). Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. Your eating and physical activity habits may raise your The NIDDK translates and disseminates research findings to increase knowledge and understanding about health and disease among patients, health professionals, and the public. Mobile, Perspectives of community health advocates: Barriers to healthy family eating patterns. This particular structured program, delivered in a primary healthcare setting, included initial assessment and goal setting, an eating plan and specific lifestyle goals, personalized activity program, and advice about managing obstacles to weight loss. , (2011). A. , etal. 2011. Wagner, J. Prevention of diabetes mellitus in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study: Results from a randomized clinical trial, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. , , , , etal. Draxten, M. government site. Data indicate that weight loss is beneficial, although not curative, in patients with obesity who experience OSA. Petry, N. M. DeVore, A. , Source. Turk Wensveen, T. Individuals are also getting heavier at a younger age; birth cohorts from 1966 to 1975 and 1976 to 1985 reached an obesity prevalence of 20% by 2029 years of age, while the 19561965 cohort only reached this prevalence by age 3039 years (Lee etal., 2010). IlanneParikka, P. Townsend, J. Berge, J. M. Routine , Prevalence and trends in obesity and severe obesity among children in the United States, 19992012. Berkowitz, R. I. Main outcome parameters were the clinical pregnancy and live birth rate. Peterson, M. R. rather than biological ones. LopezJimenez, F. When it comes to body weight, it may be that if you snooze, you lose. Lack of sleep seems to be related to an increase in hunger and appetite, and possibly to obesity. According to a 2004 study, people who sleep less than six hours a day were almost 30 percent more likely to become obese than those who slept seven to nine hours. Bray, G. A. , Foster, G. D. , & Miyauchi, H. , , for the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group The terms overweight and obesity refer to body weight that is greater than what is considered normal or healthy for a certain height. (NIDDK), part of the National Institutes of Health. (2011). Rogge and Gautam have covered the biology of obesity and weight regain within another section of this supplement (Rogge & Gautam, 2017), so here we focus on some of the clinical strategies for delivering weight loss and weight loss maintenance lifestyle programs. (2007). Parents create their child's early food experiences and influence their child's attitudes to eating through learned eating habits and food choices (Kral & Rauh, 2010). , Several factors can play a role in gaining and retaining excess weight. Jakicic, J. M. , Lines demonstrate the ranges in which weight loss has been investigated and shown to have clinical benefits. Being overweight or having obesity may lead to certain health problems. High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is a condition in which blood flows through your blood vessels with a force greater than normal. Flint, A. J. Mealplanning practices with individuals in health disparity zip codes. , & This imbalance is the greatest contributor to weight gain. Gregg, E. W. Knowing your body mass index (BMI) and waist size help tell if you are at a normal or healthy weight; are overweight; have obesity; or have extreme obesity. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) and other components of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct and support research into many diseases and conditions. , & 7 Some studies also show a strong association between birth weight and childhood obesity. If you are at risk for type 2 diabetes, losing 5 to 7 percent of your body weight and getting regular physical activity may prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. , etal. What are environmental factors affecting obesity? , There are several factors contributing to obesity. (2014). PiSunyer, F. X. With their indepth understanding of the research in the field of obesity and weight management, nurse practitioners are well placed to effect meaningful changes in the weightmanagement strategies deployed in clinical practice. Lifestyle factors including lack of regular exercise, excessive time sitting during the day, and insufficient quality sleep can all influence obesity risk. Anliker, J. Zhang, P. Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: Followup of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Shea, M. K. , etal. (2013). Genetic causes of obesity can be broadly classified into: Monogenic causes: those caused by a single gene mutation, primarily located in the leptin- melanocortin pathway. Intensive lifestyle intervention reduces urinary incontinence in overweight/obese men with type 2 diabetes: Results from the Look AHEAD trial. , etal. , Smith, B. K. , Even if you dont have diabetes or high blood pressure, obesity itself may promote kidney disease and quicken its progress. Sharma, P. , Womble, L. G. Parker, E. D. , , Gong, Q. Purpose This study attempted at identifying the main parameters influencing the outcome of frozen embryo transfers. Further, just as a variety of health factors may affect the accuracy of BMI to predict how much body fat someone has, health outcomes such as developing diabetes at a specific , Dotson, C. , Adipose tissue, obesity and adipokines: Role in cancer promotion, Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation. Engeli, S. Dennis, E. A. This site has educational resources for providers and patients. Hannan, L. (2016b). Hartge, P. Content produced by the NIDDK is carefully reviewed by NIDDK scientists and other experts. , Obesity is often associated with genetic and environmental factors that are influenced by other hereditary and ecological factors. According to Willyard (2014), the existence of gene coding for certain aspects of obesity does not necessarily mean that individuals will get the condition. , Hall, H. R. Lewington, S. Gong, Q. Alzheimers disease is the most common cause of dementia affecting around 600,000 people in the UK today. Bohnke, J. Dengo, A. L. Olivia, A. H. , For NAFLD and OSA, at least 10% weight loss is required to observe clinical improvements (Cefalu etal., 2015). Therefore, people with the same BMI may have substantially different body fat percentage based on a variety of factors such as age, muscle mass, sex and race. Friend, S. , & , Hamalainen, H. National Library of Medicine Weight loss reduces the risk for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in women. (2012). Dr. Sharon Fruh serves on the Novo Nordisk Obesity Speakers Bureau. (2013). High blood pressure can strain your heart, Seidel, K. D. (2005). Cepaitis, Z. Therefore, frequent and consistent food monitoring should be encouraged, particularly in the weightmaintenance phase of any program. Promoting healthful family meals to prevent obesity: HOME Plus, a randomized controlled trial, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. Anthony, J. M. World Health Organization (WHO) Bodymass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults. Obesity adversely affects the metabolic health of young people and can result in impaired glucose tolerance, T2D, and earlyonset metabolic syndrome (Pulgaron, 2013).There is also strong support in the literature for relationships between childhood obesity and asthma, poor dental health (caries), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD; Pulgaron, 2013). Maxwell, G. L. (2010). Folsom, A. R. As expected, weight loss was much higher in the second metaanalysis that investigated the effect of bariatric surgery on measures of OSA, and this was associated with greater reductions in AHI; the mean BMI reduction of 17.9 kg/m2 resulted in AHI events being reduced by a mean of 38.2 events/h. . DPP) Research Group Valle, T. T. , The rise has occurred , Scientists believe that genes may increase a persons likelihood of having obesity but that outside factors, such as an abundant food supply or little physical activity, also may be required for a person to have excess weight.2. . . A. Peltonen, M. The author discussed the concept, drafted the outline, commented in detail on the first iteration, made critical revision of later drafts, and has revised and approved the final version for submission. So it is possible that a family's genetic profile could contribute to eating choices. In one study, an initial mean weight loss of 10.7 kg resulted in a persistent improvement in AHI over a 4year period despite weight regain of approximately 50% by Year 4 (Kuna etal., 2013). Orchard, T. J. , , (2002). A family history of obesity and childhood obesity are strongly linked to adult obesity, which is likely to be because of both genetic and behavioral factors (Kral & Rauh, 2010). The "Big Bang" in obese fat: Events initiating obesityinduced adipose tissue inflammation. , & , etal. Fulkerson, J. Hemio, K. (1993). Felson, D. T. , (2009). , Obesity: A stubbornly obvious target for stroke prevention. Obesity is a chronic disease that is associated with a wide range of complications affecting many different aspects of physiology (Dobbins, Decorby, & Choi, 2013; Guh etal., 2009; MartinRodriguez, GuillenGrima, Marti, & BrugosLarumbe, 2015; summarized in Table Table1).1). , Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Syndromic obesity: severe obesity associated with other phenotypes such as neurodevelopmental abnormalities, and other organ/system malformations. Yasuda, H. , 2 min Being overweight or obese increases a persons risk for at least 13 types of cancer, according to the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. , the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. The site is secure. , etal. , Motivational interviewing is a technique that focuses on enhancing intrinsic motivation and behavioral changes by addressing ambivalence (Barnes & Ivezaj, 2015). This site has modules to help providers improve obesity management. , Additionally, weight loss in participants with obesity has been established to be associated with reductions in cancer biomarkers including soluble Eselectin and IL6 (Linkov etal., 2012). , Obesity and the skin: Skin physiology and skin manifestations of obesity, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/, https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/prevalence-maps.html, http://www.uconnruddcenter.org/weight-bias-stigma, https://international.aanp.org/Content/docs/ObesityWhitePaper.pdf, https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-overview, https://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/IDF_Meta_def_final.pdf, https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/obesity/facts/en/, Postmenopausal breast, endometrial, colon and rectal, gallbladder, prostate, ovarian, endometrial renal cell, esophageal adenocarcinoma, pancreatic, and kidney cancer, Coronary artery disease, obesityassociated cardiomyopathy, essential hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, cor pulmonale, accelerated atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension of obesity, dyslipidemia, chronic heart failure (CHD), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), cardiomyopathy, pulmonary hypertension, lymphedema (legs), Gall bladder disease (cholecystitis, cholelithiasis), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), reflux esophagitis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), fatty liver infiltration, acute pancreatitis, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, prediabetes, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, Pain in back, hips, ankles, feet and knees; osteoarthritis (especially in the knees and hips), plantar fasciitis, back pain, coxavera, slipped capital femoral epiphyses, Blount disease and LeggCalvPerthes disease, and chronic lumbago, Neurological and central nervous system (CNS), Stroke, dementia idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and meralgia paresthesia, Pregnancyrelated hypertension, fetal macrosomia, very low birthweight, neural tube defects, preterm birth, increased cesarean delivery, increased postpartum infection and pelvic dystocia, preeclampsia, hyperglycemia, gestational diabetes (GDM), Keratosis pilaris, hirsutism, acanthosis nigricans, and acrochondons, psoriasis, intertrigo (bacterial and/or fungal), and increased risk for cellulitis, venous stasis ulcers, necrotizing fasciitis, and carbuncles, Depression, anxiety, personality disorder, and obesity stigmatization, Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), Pickwickian syndrome (obesity hypoventilation syndrome), higher rates of respiratory infections, asthma, hypoventilation, pulmonary emboli risk, Increased surgical risk and postoperative complications, deep venous thrombosis, including wound infection, pulmonary embolism, and postoperative pneumonia, Anovulation, early puberty, polycystic ovaries, infertility, hyperandrogenism, and sexual dysfunction, Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), decreased libido, and sexual dysfunction, Venous varicosities, lower extremity venous and/or lymphatic edema, Watched less than 10 h of television weekly, Lost weight with the help of a weightloss program. Weightmanagement interventions in primary care: A pilot randomised controlled trial. . Fulkerson, J. Whitaker, R. C. (2009). Faith, M. S. Marti, A. Abstract Adipose tissue plays an important role in energy homeostasis by secreting different hormones and peptides which regulate whole body metabolism. Hoffman, H. J. About 8 out of 10 people with type 2 diabetes are overweight or have obesity.8 Over time, high blood glucose leads to problems such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, eye problems, nerve damage, and other health problems. Search included terms such as obesity, overweight, weight loss, comorbidity, diabetes, cardiovascular, cancer, depression, management, and intervention.. Zhang, W. Factors Affecting Obesity and Waist Circumference Among US Adults Watching television and videos was positively associated with prevalence of abdominal obesity and Bray, G. Setting realistic weightloss goals is often difficult because of misinformation from a variety of sources, including friends, media, and other healthcare professionals (Osunlana etal., 2015). Usually, obesity results from inherited, physiological and environmental factors, combined with diet, physical activity and exercise choices. , & Child behavioral risk factors known to increase obesity risk include decreased physical activity rates 5, increased time playing video games and watching television 6, and being put to bed with a bottle. 1. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The Phase 2b study of danuglipron in non-diabetic obesity participants is currently ongoing (doses ranging from 40 mg through 200 mg for up to 32 weeks) and expected to complete by end of year. (2014). Gallstone formation is particularly associated with bariatric surgery when weight loss exceeds 1.5 kg/week and occurs particularly within the first 6 weeks following surgery when weight loss is greatest. Guilbot, A. A recent metaanalysis of 15 studies demonstrated that relatively small amounts of weight loss, on average 5.5 kg in the treatment arm versus 0.2 kg with placebo from an average baseline BMI of 35 kg/m2, resulted in a substantial 15% reduction in allcause mortality (Kritchevsky etal., 2015). Wolfenden, L. Wyse, R. Strengthening relationships with patients with overweight or obesity to enhance trust may also improve adherence with weightloss programs. Studies also have found that the less people sleep, the more likely they are to have overweight or obesity. BrugosLarumbe, A. Source. Zhang, P. more information on the causes of overweight and obesity. Sanders, M. H. Ardern, C. I. Hanks, R. S. (2015). Recently, a largescale metaanalysis that included studies that had enrolled over 10 million individuals, indicated that, relative to the reference category of 22.5 to <25 kg/m2, the hazard ratio (HR) for allcause mortality rose sharply with increasing BMI (The Global BMI Mortality Collaboration, 2016). Genes can directly cause obesity in such disorders asPrader-Willi syndrome. Araghi, M. H. Diabetes Prevention Program ( , etal. Intentional weight loss and allcause mortality: A metaanalysis of randomized clinical trials. Emery, C. F. Jeran, S. Longlasting improvements in liver fat and metabolism despite body weight regain after dietary weight loss. , Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Tuomilehto, J. Li, G. (2013). (2012). Obesity was traditionally defined as an increase in body weight that was greater than 20 percent of an individuals ideal body weightthe weight associated with the lowest risk Sawan, C. Dobbins, M. Changing your eating habits is central to losing and maintaining your weight. A healthy home food environment can help individuals improve their diet. , It may be valuable to allocate personalized benefits to the weight loss such as playing with children/grandchildren (American Nurse Practitioner Foundation, 2013). , , Longitudinal evaluation of cancerassociated biomarkers before and after weight loss in RENEW study participants: Implications for cancer risk reduction. Lack of physical activity, combined with high amounts of TV, , Chen, Y. F. , Taking an active role in addressing obesity through behavioral modifications or exercise can also reduce the symptoms of depression (Fabricatore etal., 2011), improve urinary incontinence in men and women (Breyer etal., 2014; Brown etal., 2006), and improve fertility outcomes in women (Kort, Winget, Kim, & Lathi, 2014). Beneficial, although not curative, effects have also been noted on OSA following >10% weight loss. Longterm effect of weight loss on obstructive sleep apnea severity in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. (2015). Milsom, V. A. (2015). , Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group , Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions that put you at risk for heart disease, diabetes, and stroke. Linkov, F. , & DPP) Research Group Obesity and the pubertal transition in girls and boys, Obesity: A disabling disease or a condition favoring disability, European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. Recent hypotheses in the scientific community suggest the current obesity epidemic is being driven largely by environmental factors (e.g., high energy/high fat foods, fast food consumption, television watching, super-sized portions, etc.) Makowski, L. Kidney disease means that your kidneys are damaged and cant filter blood like they should. Figure adapted from Cefalu etal. Sharma, A. M. , etal. , & It is certain that obesity is due to imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Goldberg, R. , Temprosa, M. G. Magnuson, A. Hu, Y. H. The overall reduction in the incidence rate of any cancer was 11% (relative risk, 0.89; 95% CI 0.79, 1.00) for participants who lost more than 9 kg compared with those who did not achieve a more than 9 kg weight loss episode. Patient trust in physicians and adoption of lifestyle behaviors to control high blood pressure. , Tsang, K. W. Treatment of the obese patient in primary care: Targeting and meeting goals and expectations. Genes also may contribute to a persons susceptibility to weight gain. From the outset, a patient's estimate of their achievable weight loss may be unrealistic. Horning, M. Anderson, R. , , Treatment approaches encompass nonpharmacological and pharmacological strategies; however, it is important to remember that any pharmacological agent used should be used as an adjunct to nutritional and physical activity strategies (American Nurse Practitioner Foundation, 2013). (2013).
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