can religious conflicts be avoided

7.The term evangelist is here utilized in a narrower and more restricted way than in its common usage. 1217). This paper is based upon his A History of Christian, Jewish, Hindu, Buddhist and Muslim Perspectives on War and Peace, vol. Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality. are remarkable not only in their conviction and commitment, but also in their When conflict prevention is examined through a faith-based lens, a different This raises the question if certain types of Islamist rebel groups, that is, those with goals transcending state boundaries (e.g., Al-Qaida and IS), are more likely to engage in high-intensity armed conflicts than other actors. Following a terminological clarification of the terms religiousness and spirituality, which are often used interchangeably, an overview of the current state of research in the field of religious and spiritual conflicts is given based on fundamental contributions, especially by one of the main pioneers in this field, the American psychologist Julie Juola Exline. Thus, the rhetoric can shift over time within a larger insurgency movement. Learn more. For example, the number of government-rebel dyads fighting over religious issues increased from 25 in 2013 to 32 in 2015. In cases where further evidence has been deemed necessary to code the religious dimensions, additional case-specific information, such as books, reports, and journal articles, have been consulted. Cultural Conflicts: Culture refers to the shared ideas and meanings about what life is and what life should be and sets, "Standards for perceiving, believing, evaluating and acting". This is what separates conflict But the pastoral support that faith groups can Secondly, we make a distinction between those cases where the claim is made by one organization or a unified alliance and cases where the rebel organization is represented by an alliance where only a few of the groups view the religious issues as the main question. Predictors of growth from spiritual struggle among Christian undergraduates: Religious coping and perceptions of helpful action by god are both important. Overall, there are no substantial differences in numbers: of 420 conflict dyads, 15 percent were religious incompatibility conflicts between parties within the same religious tradition, 18 percent were conflicts fought between parties from different religious traditions but not over religious issues, and 11 percent were conflicts fought over religious issues between parties from different religious traditions (see Appendix extremism. Freud, S. (1927). Concepts, findings, explanatory approaches]. It may arise in the attempt to religiously . (2017). All rights reserved. Managing religious diversity in the workplace, however, can be challenging from a human resources standpoint. Since there is important variation within these categories, we provide a further disaggregation of these claims into territorial, revolutionary, and where applicable, transnational claims. Readers discuss ordaining women, separation of church and state, and Christian nationalism. On a final note, the RELAC project represents an attempt to bring ideational factors, albeit limited to only religious claims, into the analysis of armed conflicts. Google Scholar. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 11(3), 291296 https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000189. The emergence of the Islamic State (IS) in Syria, Iraq, and elsewhere epitomizes the importance of religiously defined conflicts in todays world. Second, in order to complement this material, where feasible, a number of more country-specific sources are employed including books and journals such as Africa Research Bulletin and various NGO reports, for instance, from Human Rights Watch. are helping to tip the balance in favour of non-violent responses when crises Donors the mandate to act. The religious and spiritual struggles scale: Development and initial validation. (2013). 2. A lot of reflection is needed to ponder an adequate response. to intervene in internal conflicts, however high the levels of atrocity. These initiatives appeal to the technocratic base notes of Stuttgart: Einfhrung in die Theologie. Its followers are then emboldened and are capable of violent and destructive behaviour in the name of their traditions. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. Eine kulturell sensible Religionspsychologie und klinische BeratungspsychologieWunsch oder Wirklichkeit? 6.For a recent discussion about challenges, possibilities, and alternatives for conceptualizing religious dimensions of armed conflicts, see Barter and Zatkin-Osburn (2016) and Svensson (2016). Thus, there is a great diversity in the types of religious conflicts that are considered here. Pirutinsky, S., Rosmarin, D. H., Pargament, K. I., & Midlarsky, E. (2011). Chapter This article presents new and unique data on religiously defined conflicts in general, and Islamist conflicts in particular, during the time period 1975 to 2015. bridges between decision-makers, working over the long term so that these Dentist | Healthcare Data Science | Information Management | Digital Transformation & Integration | Healthcare Quality Management | MSc Operations Research | Applied Statistics(FGSSR) | DTQM( AICPD). Employees should always make the request . Psychologie der Spiritualitt [psychology of spirituality]. involved in working with religious groups? First, it's fairly common when confronting cultural differences, for people to rely on stereotypes. ), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. Because the founders had the foresight to know An identity-based conceptualization entails that conflict is seen as religious if the opposing groups come from different religious affiliations (e.g., Fox 2004b; Pearce 2005). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. violence into the future. ), Semantics and psychology of spirituality: A cross-cultural analysis (pp. Freuds bleibende Aktualitt: Psychoanalyserezeption in der Pastoral- und Religionspsychologie im deutschen Sprachraum und in den USA [Freuds permanent relevance: Psychoanalysis reception in pastoral psychology and psychology of religion in the German-speaking world and in the USA]. Yet, his analysis does not include religious ideologies beyond Islamists and also differs from our study by focusing exclusively on terrorist groups. ), Pastoral psychology and psychology of religion in dialogue (pp. Other faiths have been complicit in ), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. Next, we seek to illustrate how the RELAC data may be used in future research. 2015. Psychological Inquiry, 13(3), 182189. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 8(4), 341351. It is true that sometimes deeply held beliefs can lead to clashes, and there have been many wars that were caused by disputes over religion and beliefs. Whereas it implies aspirations for a greater role of Christian values and goals, it is here not individually centered but rather focused on groups aspirations for changes in the society or the state. 1123). not the same as saying that religion is the driving force of violence. pervasive. In contrast to expectations, we find no significant effect for either transnational Islamist or separatist Islamist claims, whereas the results show that conflicts over revolutionary Islamist claims are significantly more likely to manifest themselves as high-intensity conflicts rather than minor armed conflicts (see models 24, Table 2). How much does a dead cow cost? Gott denken. For example, MILF in the Philippines and the IS both took up arms in the name of religion, but they have clearly very different ideological bases. In contrast, an issue-based conceptualization centers on whether the incompatibility of the armed conflict is focusing on religious issues (e.g., Hassner 2009; Svensson 2007; Toft 2007). Examples include the Kashmir insurgents in India as well as the Pattani insurgents in Southern Thailand. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. A religious dimension in the incompatibility tells us something about how the parties in conflict have decided to state their explicit goals and demands (e.g., a religious state) but not about their underlying interests (why they seek this particular goal). This data set can thus be utilized to push the research agenda forward in important ways by further expanding our knowledge about the causes, dynamics, and resolution of religious conflicts. And ordinary people are buried in the This variable captures whether the religious majority of the constituencies of the conflict actorsthe government and the rebel groupare separated in terms of their religious identities. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 144152. Workplace ethics is not for employees alone. Harbom Lotta, Melander Erik, Wallensteen Peter. Yet, their data set is restricted geographically and temporally, as it is only available for developing countries and for the time period 1990 to 2010. Various words such as rage, passion and fanaticism are often tossed around to describe the mental state of religious actors driven to conflict and violence. quickly. 1.According to Toft (2007), a religious conflict is defined as peripheral when combatants identify with a specific religious tradition and group themselves accordingly, but the rule of a specific religious tradition could not be the object of contention. (p. 97, footnote 1). name of religion, and not just Islam. Three Different Types of Religious Conflict. Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses clustered on conflict. 2014). Interpersonal conflicts now are in fourth place. Haram killed up to two thousand people, church political creeds and backgrounds, these committees are the eyes and ears of Overall, it remains an important avenue for future research to examine whether religious incompatibility conflicts are driven by particular causal processes (Basedau and Rudolfsen 2016). Note: For all group names, see our data set. B., Pargament, K. I., & Exline, J. J. ), Spiritualitt und Medizin: Gemeinsame Sorge fr den kranken Menschen [spirituality and medicine: Common care for the sick person] (pp. 2016. We conclude by offering some suggestions for how the RELAC data can be used to expand our knowledge on religious conflicts. (2011). Ethics refers to a sense of right and wrong. Please try refreshing the page. organize in advance of it is rarer still. Africa and Asia stand out as the regions of the world in which most religious issue conflicts have occurred. If you have any queries about republishing please contact us. government site. counts the costs of conflict with communities, bringing home how destructive it https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000208. When we are prevented from accomplishing a goal at work, we often say that what got in the way was office politics. If a less-qualified job candidate is hired over a more qualified one, we conclude that it was politics that somehow won the day. Employees should stay informed on the rules that impact their industry, and ensure their organization is acting in compliance with those regulations & maintain transparency and honesty in their reports. Insurance losses in Lytton now estimated at over $100 m Thunderstorm watch issued for Merritt area. Cultural diversity in perceptions of right and wrong might differ in areas where the right answer is not always obvious. Spiritual transformation among veterans in response to a religious/spiritual struggle. Abu-Raiya, H., Pargament, K. I., Krause, N., & Ironson, G. (2015). volume69,pages 135147 (2020)Cite this article. There are five related publicly available data sets on religious conflicts, which have made significant contributions to the research field on religious conflicts. The analysis identifies seven specific conflict resolution mechanisms that have been utilised to address the religious dimensions of armed conflicts: constitutional secularism, religious freedom, religious power-sharing, religious autonomy, legalisation of religious political parties, inclusion of religious civil society actors and religious bon. 1. And if isnt possible to The Sept. 2 shocking revelation in this newspapers sister publication, Kamloops This Week, that an ex-TRU student and his brother are fighting for ISIS in Syria has sent shivers to many. He refutes the notion that argues religion having so often inspired, legitimized, and exacerbated deadly conflicts cannot be expected to contribute to peaceful resolution. First, this paper presents guiding questions for such a context-sensitive conflict analysis; second, it presents an analytical model that visualizes the relevant conflict factors, dimensions of religion and types of coping and facilitates questions about their interactions. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. really is. Spiritual struggles and suicide in veterans seeking PTSD treatment. This conceptualization is similar to Melander, Pettersson, and Themnr (2016, 731) who define transnational jihadism as the immediate or future aim of a non-state group to establish a caliphate across internationally recognized borders, using violence. It should be noted, however, that whereas Melander, Pettersson, and Themnr (2016) operationalize transnational jihadism through organizational association (whether armed groups belong or are associated to the IS or Al-Qaida), we use the term transnational Islamist to signify the claim: whether the demands of the insurgencies go beyond the confines of the nation state. We are all too familiar with the idea of violence in the For each calendar year, a specific search string related to violence is entered, an exercise that results in around 50,000 to 80,000 news items that are analyzed by trained coders following preset coding criteria developed by the UCDP. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. time changes. Exline, J. J., & Rose, E. D. (2013). Young men at Tabalia in Solomon Islands, home of the Melanesian Brotherhood This button displays the currently selected search type. responsible to account. Separatist evangelist demands entail aspirations for an increased role of Christianity in a specific territory, whereas Revolutionary evangelist claims, by contrast, refer to aspirations that concern an increased role of Christianity in the government of the whole state, rather than being bound to a specific piece of territory within the national territorial borders. Step 4: Train Employees. Parental attachment styles and religious and spiritual struggle: A mediating effect of God image. First, conflicts in which parties come from the same religious traditions and where there is a religious incompatibility have increased over time. I hold out my stole and everyone holds [a part of the law of the land, but they are now brothers and sisters again.. New York: Guilford Press. Hence, religious identity conflicts are those in which the constituencies of each of the conflict actors come from different faith traditions, and here, we consider all the major world religions: Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism. The Big Picture Crowdsource Innovation Roles of Religion Religious violence is undergoing a revival. Avoiding Religious Conflicts at Work as an Employee . , Measuring the Ambivalence of Religion: Introducing the Religion and Conflict in Developing Countries (RCDC) Dataset, http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage, http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/faq/#How_are_UCDP_data_collected_, Hamas (IsraelPalestine), MILF (the Philippines), LRA (Uganda), forces of Paul Joseph Mukungubila (DRC), Parties belong to different religious identities, Religious issue conflict between parties from different religious traditions 45 (11 percent), Nonreligious issue conflict between parties from different religious traditions 77 (18 percent), Parties belong to the same religious identity, Religious issue conflict between parties from the same religious tradition 63 (15 percent), Nonreligious issue conflict between parties from the same religious traditions 235 (56 percent). Funding: The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: We gratefully acknowledge financial support for this research project by the Riksbankens Jubileumsfond through grant NHS14-1701:1. But one area thats underexplored is how people of faith can Taking our daughter to visit her Irish-Catholic relatives, I asked my husband to make sure they didn't give her any pork. (2017). The data focus on all 420 dyadsconsisting of a government and a rebel groupthat are involved in an armed conflict over government or territory that has resulted in at least twenty-five battle-related deaths in a calendar year, during the time period 1975 to 2015 (Harbom, Melander, and Wallensteen 2008; Melander, Pettersson, and Themnr 2016). If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem. I work with religious groups in the thick of violent (2011). large part by religious institutions, that means coming out of the comfort zone In addition to the type of religious claims on the side of the insurgents, RELAC provides information about the salience of the claims (see Figure 3). incentive to raise the alarm in case it reflects on their competency. In early January of 2015, Boko Haram killed up to two thousand people in Baga, Northern Nigeria. Where communities are held together in Paloutzian, R.F. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds. Wars are never simple, and neither are religious Yet, at the same time, our results also highlight that the trajectory for Islamist armed actors with a separatist base looks different in this respect. conflicts are set in motion than about their causes. 2016. This is ironic, because working with religious groups has Examining the links between spiritual struggles and symptoms of psychopathology in a national sample. Can religious resources be utilized to achieve these goals? Robust links between religious/spiritual struggles, psychological distress, and well-being in a national sample of American adults. Article Article Are Muslim Countries More Prone to Violence? In order to effectively detect and, most importantly, deter ethical issues in business from surfacing in organization, there are several everyday efforts can be taken. In addition, since this data set focuses on the country-year level, it is well suited for analyses pertaining to the country level, but it cannot in the same way be used to explore variations in religious dimensions across different rebel groups. Religion, Civil War, and Prospects for Peace. There are also important shifts over time when we examine the trajectories of revolutionary Islamist, separatist Islamist, and transnational Islamist claims, separately from each other (see Figure 6). Religious conflicts in other parts of the world, especially since the Iranian revolution of 1979, have evoked new challenges and spurred thinking about the role of religion in the international political arena. The goals of the insurgencies can be classified as Revolutionary secularist if the claims refer to demands for a new government or underlying ideology of the whole national territory, in which the religious character of the state would decrease. Since the RELAC data depart from the UCDP data and are based on the dyad level, it also has the advantage that it can be used together with many other conflict-related data sets, such as the Non-State Actors in Armed Conflict Dataset (NSA) (Cunningham, Gleditsch, and Salehyan 2009, 2013) or the Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict (SVAC) data set (Cohen and Nords 2014), and should make it possible to explore a wide range of questions that hitherto have received limited attention in quantitative analyses. Pastoral Psychology The tortoise can overtake the hare. Many of the characteristics that are vital for prevention By combining the religious incompatibility variable with the religious identity variable, we can provide a more comprehensive and refined picture of religious conflicts. A key advancement in relation to existing data sets is to provide more fine-grained data about religious issues as stated by the warring parties, which also is compatible with armed conflict data provided by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP). These dimensions are coded separately and can therefore be examined in isolation, or as we shall see later in this article, in interaction, thereby shedding new light on religious conflicts. Another source indicates that more than 50 Canadians are embroiled in the jihadist cause. New York: Guilford Press. Consulting Manager at Pwc Middle East | Project Managment Office | Strategy Executer | Delivering Business transformation.
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