what are reptiles and amphibians

Reptiles such as the chuckwalla (Sauromalus obesus) and Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) store water in the fatty tissues of their tails. This may result in lower recorded population levels during subsequent seasons and years. In addition, pond drying can result in early metamorphosis, which is linked to small body size and decreased survival rates in juvenile frogs. Reptiles are amniote animals, which means that the eggs, laid by females, contain an elastic sac within which the embryo develops. The species in this group include frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts. There are many different types of venomous reptiles and amphibians throughout the world. Remember that some reptiles and amphibians can live for a very long time. Children younger than 5 years old should not handle or touch reptiles or amphibians or their environments because they are at a higher risk for serious illness and hospitalization caused by, Dont cross-contaminate. For the study of hepatic things (the liver, hepatitis, and so on), see, "Herp" redirects here. Amphibians are small vertebrates that need water, or a moist environment, to survive. For example, individual desert tortoises occasionally move long distances between populations (Edwards et al. Reptiles and Amphibians of the American Southwest. All reptiles are vertebrates that breathe air with lungs. Herpetofauna across the globe face threats from both known and unknown sources (Gibbons et al. Symptoms usually start within 6 hours4 days after infection and last 47 days. Cover the wound with a clean, dry bandage. The field of herpetology can be divided into areas dealing with particular taxonomic groups such as frogs (batrachology),[5]:9[6] snakes (ophiology or ophidiology), lizards (saurology) or turtles (cheloniology, chelonology or testudinology). Amphibians crowded into limited habitat also may be more subject to disease or parasite epidemics. Drought has been implicated as the cause of drastic declines in frog populations. Put this list somewhere easy to find, like on your refrigerator or near the animals habitat. Subscribe to our weekly e-mail newsletter and receive immediate notice of reptile and amphibian sales, new arrivals, promotions, and valuable coupons. Make sure the animal sees you before you pick it up. Amphibians and reptiles are declining across the world as they face a number of threats. For example, the bullfrog is thought to be a primary cause of declines of leopard frogs (including the federally-threatened Chiricahua leopard frog) and gartersnakes in Cochise County, southern Arizona (Rosen and Schwalbe 2002). Amphibians use their skin as a secondary respiratory surface and some small terrestrial salamanders and frogs lack lungs and rely entirely on their skin. Research and learn how to properly care for reptiles and amphibians before buying or adopting. Amphibians are small vertebrates that need water, or a moist environment, to survive. Signs in amphibians: Infected amphibians might have discolored limbs, weight loss, and open sores. Additionally, one should only choose to care for a spider if they are comfortable with providing them the proper care. For amphibians and aquatic reptiles (e.g., Mexican and narrow-headed gartersnakes [Thamnophis rufipunctatus]), the destruction of wetlands removes breeding sites and fragments populations, making these species more vulnerable to regional extirpation. Knowledge about the effects of contaminants on amphibians is scarce, and reptiles have been studied even less (Gibbons et al. Dont drive. There is debate over whether or not UV-B is a main factor in currently observed amphibian declines, but researchers share concern about ozone depletion and the consequences of increasing levels of UV-B. Snakes for Sale. What should I do? Reptiles and Amphibians. The disease may persist in healthy amphibian populations once an epidemic wave has passed. The most common germ carried by reptiles and amphibians is Salmonella. Call your healthcare provider as soon as possible so that they can prepare the appropriate antivenom. Reports of the disease in the Southwest include infections in lowland leopard frogs (Lithobates yavapaiensis), Chiricahua leopard frogs (Lithobates chiricahuensis), and canyon tree frogs (Hyla arenicolor) in eastern, central, and southern Arizona (Bradley et al. This means they can't keep warm without help. Historically, populations exchanged individuals at a rate > 1 migrant/generation. 2000, Ivanyi et al. Amphibians are often very sensitive to environmental changes, offering a visible warning to humans that significant changes are taking place. Reptiles are cold blooded. 07 Trees being cut on adjoining property and crossing property line. Further, the casque-headed frog sheds outer layers of skin while in its burrow to form a cellophane-like cocoon that prevents water loss. Some venomous animals, like poison dart frogs and coral snakes, can be identified by their bright colors and markings. Chemical stressors, even at levels well below toxic concentrations, influence the ability of amphibians to handle environmental stress. Locate an exotic veterinarian in your area. reptile, any member of the class Reptilia, the group of air-breathing vertebrates that have internal fertilization, amniotic development, and epidermal scales covering part or all of their body. Currently, some snake venom has been used to create anti-coagulants that work to treat strokes and heart attacks. Do not thaw frozen rodents in the microwave. The origin of the reptiles lies about 320-310 million years ago, in the swamps of the late Carboniferous period, when the first reptiles evolved from advanced reptiliomorph labyrinthodonts. Vol. Although both are cold-blooded vertebrates and the two are often mistaken for each other, there are some key differences. Learn more about venomous snakes, symptoms associated with snake bites, and first aid techniques. Modern herpetological showmen include Jeff Corwin, Steve Irwin, popularly known as the "Crocodile Hunter", and the star Austin Stevens, popularly known as "Austin Snakeman" in the TV series Austin Stevens: Snakemaster. The Evolution Of Amphibians And Reptiles Mycobacterium marinum is a type of bacteria commonly found in freshwater and saltwater aquariums and ponds. Do not keep venomous animals as pets or in household settings. Reptiles have dry and scaly skin, whereas amphibians have smooth, slimy skin. Like most other fields of vertebrate biology (e.g., ichthyology, mammalogy), herpetology is composed of a number of cross-disciplines: behaviour, ecology, physiology, anatomy, paleontology, taxonomy, and others. Bites and scratches can be serious injuries and sometimes can become infected. Death is thought to result from organ failure due to tissue necrosis and possibly from secondary bacterial infections. the evolution of viviparity (including behavior and reproduction).[7]. In SAGU, many tinajas (bedrock pools) that are home to the lowland leopard frog have been buried by eroded material resulting from stand-replacing widlifes occurring at higher elevations (Parker 2006). Wildfires may also lead to long-term or permanent loss of habitat for amphibians and reptiles. If you clean rodent supplies indoors, use a laundry sink or bathtub, and thoroughly clean and disinfect the area right after. A description of adaptations of amphibians and reptiles for living in desert environments is found in Van Devender (2000). It is generally accepted that this lower capacity is related to differences in the circulatory and respiratory systems. Altered sex ratios could affect population demographics and persistence. herpetology, scientific study of amphibians and reptiles. Susceptibility to disease may be influenced by many factors, including chemical exposure and temperature. Discover these unique animals. Amphibians and reptiles are important components of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. [1] Birds, which are cladistically included within Reptilia, are traditionally excluded here; the scientific study of birds is the subject of ornithology. Like reptiles, amphibians are cold-blooded. On the other hand, reptiles lay amniotic eggs covered by a leathery or calcareous shell. Crayfish populations increase dramatically while the native herpetofauna and other prey decrease; crayfish then consume the aquatic plants present, altering the aquatic communities where they are found. Herpetofauna across the globe face threats from both known and unknown sources (Gibbons et al. Adaptations also exist for living in loose, windblown sand. Correct identification of the animal helps healthcare providers to provide the appropriate treatment. About Amphibians. If you keep or work with venomous animals, make a list of all the hospitals in your area that stock antivenoms for those types of animals. Reptiles and Amphibians of the American Southwest. Even when they appear healthy and clean, reptiles and amphibians can carry germs that can make people sick. Non-native fish may also prey upon native amphibians and reptiles. For example, research by the U.S. Geological Survey found that the distribution pattern of narrow-headed garter snakes in Oak Creek, Arizona, was similar to the availability of smooth-bodied fish with soft fins (a major food source) (Nowak 2006a). Even healthy reptiles and amphibians can carry the bacteria. 30 No. Reptile vs. Amphibian Similarities Similarity #1: Ectotherm Similarity #2: Longevity Similarity #2: Defense Wrapping Up Reptiles VS Amphibians Reptiles vs. Amphibians Differences The following 3 differences highlight the most significant differences between reptiles and amphibians and as such, should not be overlooked! Reptiles and Amphibians - Threats and Concerns, Download the official NPS app before your next visit, Reptiles and Amphibians of the American Southwest, Reptiles and Amphibians - Introduction, Distribution, and Life History, Reptiles and Amphibians - Threats and Concerns. Reptiles are cold-blooded. The disease chytridiomycosis is caused by a recently identified species of parasitic fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis), known as the amphibian chytrid fungus. The Class Reptilia is classified into four orders: Crocodilia (includes crocodiles and alligators ), Squamata (snakes and lizards), Testudines (includes tortoises and turtles), Sphenodontia (includes tuataras). The knowledge learned about all aspects of the biology of animals is then applied to an individual study of herpetology. Symptoms in people: In people, the most common sign of infection is a raised bump or sore where the bacteria entered an open wound. All About Reptiles and Amphibians Quiz Question: What snake is also called a "horned rattlesnake" or "horn viper"? Some turtles, for example, spend most of their time in the water, but must move to land to lay eggs. Their chorus often sounds the arrival of spring. Reptiles are air-breathing vertebrates covered in special skin made up of scales, bony plates, or a combination of both. For example, lower rainfall and higher temperatures can significantly affect microhabitat in an area, and reduce the likelihood of observing amphibians, and to a lesser extent reptiles, for some period of time. Herpetology research is published in honour demic journals including Ichthyology & Herpetology, founded in 1913 (under the name Copeia in honour of Edward Drinker Cope); Herpetologica, founded in 1936; Reptiles and amphibians, founded in 1990; and Contemporary Herpetology, founded in 1997. 2000); in Arizona, most populations of the tortoise do not seem to be impacted by this disease. 10 Can I move firewood from one Ohio county to another? Every year in the Tucson and Phoenix, Arizona, areas, hundreds of rattlesnakes and dozens of Gila monsters are removed from residential/human-inhabited areas and translocated to nearby desert habitats. Non-native invasive species may act as predators of or competitors with native species. In addition, R&Aprofiles ongoing efforts in herpetological conservation, key persons involved in herpetological conservation and research, and international destinations of herpetological interest. Ontario Nature is actively involved in research, public education and policy work on their behalf. Amphibians, including salamanders and frogs, have moist, delicate skin that can absorb oxygen. Frogs and snakes, salamanders and lizards, turtles and tortoises, alligators and crocodiles, and more. A great range of these animals' physical forms is on view, from the tiny Cuban frog to the goliath frog and the Japanese giant salamander, the Galpagos giant tortoise to the powerful crocodile, accompanied by . Some toxins and venoms produced by reptiles and amphibians are useful in human medicine. Such loss includes the filling-in or sedimentation of stream pools. 06 How do I plant trees with a dibble bar? You should always consider the unpredictable nature of venomous animals and be aware that treating a bite from a venomous animal is difficult. Reptile collecting may also lead to the destruction of habitat, which can further adversely affect populations (Goode et al. One poison dart frog can make enough toxin to kill 10 adults. Check state, local, and property laws before selecting or purchasing a reptile or amphibian. Many aquatic snakes, such as the narrow-headed gartersnake, and other aquatic/semi-aquatic reptiles may also be susceptible to contaminants. 2002). Antivenoms can treat some bites, but these medications can cost hundreds of dollars and might not be available at some hospitals. Amphibians may be exposed to chemical hazards through direct uptake from water or by ingestion of contaminants in soils, sediments, and food items. They make their homes in the shadows, under logs and leaves. Some amphibian species can carry the fungus without being killed by it, and they may serve as vectors of the pathogen to more susceptible species. Appropriate husbandry and veterinary care can help keep you both safe from illness. How it spreads: This bacteria spreads through contaminated aquarium water. Prey numbers typically decline during drought, and many reptiles rely on their diets to obtain water if they cannot drink free water; they may die from dessication if they cannot eat enough. Who is at risk: Anyone can get a Salmonella infection, but children younger than 5 years old, adults 65 and older, and people with weakened immune systems are at higher risk for serious illness. A is for Amphibians: they're Awesome, Adaptable, and unfortunately, some are At-risk. Activity and behaviour of both amphibians and reptiles are affected by local weather conditions during the year. Be as clear as possible about the type, colors, and markings of the animal. UV-B levels have increased an estimated 5-10% per decade since 1979, especially at higher latitudes and in early spring. Woods are ideal for hunting and breeding, while crevices, burrows, logs and leaf litter offer perfect winter shelter. Keep reptiles, amphibians, and their equipment out of the kitchen or anywhere that food is prepared, stored, served, or eaten. What to do if you are bitten or scratched In addition to the threats from non-native, invasive species discussed in the last section, domestic animals, such as dogs, may also threaten some reptile species. Join Our Community. Whom should I call? Infectious Agents of Reptiles and Amphibians: Peer-Reviewed Publications, July-December 2022 2000). CDC twenty four seven. Children under 5 years old, adults 65 and older, pregnant people, and people with weakened immune systems shouldnt handle feeder rodents because they are at higher risk for diseases rodents can carry. Many salamanders inhabit upland habitats for most of the year, but require temporary or permanent wetlands or aquatic sites to breed and lay eggs. [citation needed], More generally, herpetologists work on functional problems in ecology, evolution, physiology, behavior etc. 2002). Discover the parks where you can learn more about amphibians and reptiles. 4.0 out of 5 stars 29. 2000). If your pet becomes sick or dies soon after purchase, take it to the veterinarian promptly and inform the pet store or breeder about the pets illness or death. [An increase in UV-B radiation levels is unlikely to threaten reptile eggs at this time, because they are infrequently exposed to UV-B radiation (Gibbons et al. The disease is thought to be particularly associated with disturbed or degraded habitats and high amphibian densities. Career options in the field of herpetology include, but are not limited to, lab research, field studies and survey, zoological staff, museum staff and college teaching. To keep your pet as healthy as possible, visit an exotic veterinarian experienced in reptile and amphibian care (herpetology) for regular check-ups. Unlike amphibians, all reptile eggs require internal fertilization. But also means they can get too hot. $49.99 $ 49. Amphibians may be more vulnerable to harmful effects of UV radiation than other kinds of animals due to their naked skin and shell-less eggs. Potential causes of herpetofauna decline in the Southwest include habitat loss and degradation, direct persecution, disease, invasive species, chemical contamination, ultraviolet radiation, drought, and illegal collecting. Reptiles & Amphibians (ISSN 2332-4961) is an international open-access journal that publishes peer-reviewed research in all aspects of herpetology with an emphasis on conservation and natural history. Dont allow pet reptiles and amphibians to interact with or eat wild animals. Reptiles are animals in the class Reptilia. In this article, we'll explore 25 examples of reptiles with pictures and facts. 03 Where can I get tree seedlings to plant? If possible, position the bite so that it is below the heart. Some infections get better on their own, while others might require antibiotics or other treatment. Aeromonas bacteria are commonly found in freshwater aquariums and ponds. Clean rodent supplies outside your home when possible. Amphibian larvae are not lethally affected, but they can carry the fungus in mouthparts and toe tips during later stages of development. In addition to our online species guide, we also have Field Guides you can download: They are vertebrates and cold blooded like amphibians. Some species use different habitats at different times of the year. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. Dont handle or trap the animal, because venom can be dangerous even after the animal has died. Aeromonas bacteria cannot spread from person to person. Victims of the non-native crayfish include the narrow-headed gartersnake (Nowak 2006a), whose young and prey are eaten by the crayfish. The disease is thought to have originated in Africa, spreading rapidly since the 1970s (Australia Department Environment and Heritage 2006), although this is debated and much is still unknown about the disease. Many herpetological societies have been formed to promote interest in reptiles and amphibians, both captive and wild. Vol. Reptiles and amphibians belong to the same phylum and sub-phylum. There are four basic types of reptiles: crocodiles and alligators; turtles and tortoises; snakes; and lizards. Native Reptiles and Amphibians We have 13 native species of reptiles and amphibians, alongside several non-native species occurring around the UK. Most colleges or universities do not offer a major in herpetology at the undergraduate or even the graduate level. The richest biodiversity of reptile and amphibian species (herpetofauna) in the United States is concentrated in the Southeast. Crocodilians and some turtles may be affected the most, because of their temperature-dependent sex determination. Signs in reptiles and amphibians: Salmonella bacteria live in the gastrointestinal tracts of healthy reptiles and amphibians. A behaviour of some reptiles, which may be especially important for survival in the desert where rainwater may not accumulate (Repp and Schuett 2008), is that of harvesting and drinking water from their own bodies (e.g., from a pool of water within a snakes coils). Keep rodents and their supplies out of the kitchen or other areas where food is prepared, served, or consumed. Instead, persons interested in herpetology select a major in the biological sciences. You can get sick by touching contaminated surfaces; you dont have to touch the rodents to get sick from their germs. Lay or sit down. Venoms are a defense that some reptiles and amphibians use to protect themselves from any potential dangers or harm in their environment. Captive tortoises should not be released into the wild, because, among other reasons, they could spread M. agassizii or other diseases. The absence of a long hibernation period could result in starvation over the winter or changes in gonadal development. Support us Reptiles and amphibians Look out for these cold-blooded creatures along woodland edges, glades, ditches and ponds. Most individuals focus on a particular field such as ecology, evolution, taxonomy, physiology, or molecular biology, and within that field ask questions pertaining to or best answered by examining reptiles and amphibians. A year-long study in a Texas wildlife management area found road traffic affected reptiles extensively in the fall and spring and amphibians in the spring and summer. Examples include publishing joint journals and holding conferences in order to foster the exchange of ideas between the fields, as the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists does. The bifurcated tongue is a characteristic feature of reptiles. 2004). First evidential record of predation by an Ornate Flying Snake, Chrysopelea ornata (Shaw 1802), on an insectivorous bat in the central Western Ghats, Karnataka, India, Predation on a Yellow-spotted Night Lizard (Lepidophyma flavimaculatum) by a Misquito Coralsnake (Micrurus mosquitensis) in Upala, Costa Rica, Notes on the natural history of the endangered La Loma Treefrog, Hyloscirtus colymba (Anura: Hylidae), from Santa Fe National Park, Panam, Observation of an Indo-Chinese Rat Snake (Ptyas korros) preying on a Mock Viper (Pssamodynastes pulverulentus), Metabolic rate and evaporative water loss during a shedding event in the Mediterranean House Gecko Hemidactylus turcicus, Limb malformation in a Lesser Spiny Frog, Quasipaa exilispinosa (Liu & Hu 1975) (Anura: Dicroglossidae), Scavenging of the Sharavathy Vinesnake Ahaetulla farnsworthi (Mallik et al. These practices will help prevent the spread of disease. Depending on the species and location, amphibians may need sites for burrowing in moist soil or wet areas to keep their skin moist (Marks 2006). Decemson, Ronald Rohluosang Sinate, Lal Biakzuala, Vabeiryureilai Mathipi, Paul Lalnuntluanga, Jehova Malsawma, Hmar Tlawmte Lalremsanga, Felipe Barrera-Ocampo; Ronald A. Daz-Florz, Dayupathi Eranda Nipunika Mandawala, Panadura Arachchige Don Mokshi Viragi Perera, Jaydeep Maheta; Ranjeet Thakor, Prakash Shankhala, Dinesh Prajapati, Atulsinh Zala, Laxman Bharavad, Hasti Panseriya; Shruti Patel, Arnab Deb, Aditya Karmakar, Jayaditya Purkayastha, Kirty Prosad Nath, Temjenmongla, Yomto Mayi, Britijoy Khersa, Ronald Alessandro Daz Flrez; Juan Timms-Rangel, Kyra Woytek, Gretchen Anderson, Kevin Donmoyer, Frank Ridgley, Christina Romagosa, Amy Yackel Adams, Andrea Currylow, Genius Teron, Benjamin Tapley, Aribam Rocky Sharma, Ashish Paul, Lobsang Tashi Thungon, Om Prakash Tripathi, Ajay P. Giradkar, Dipesh R. Wankar, Liladhar P. Matte, Jagdish Rewatkar, Joel Correa; Ajay V Giri, Vijay Kumar, Vivek Hasyagar, ngel Sosa-Bartuano; Rafael Samudio Jr., Julieta Carrin de Samudio, Edgar Toribio, Sanath Bohra, Pranjal Swargiary, Rita Roy, Jayaditya Purkayastha, Reut Vardi, Shahar Dubiner, Roy Ben Bezalel, Shai Meiri, Eran Levin, Toms Michel Rodrguez Cabrera; Javier Torres, Rupankar Bhattacharjee, Ashwini Kumar, Jayaditya Purkayastha, Pablo Jos Gutierrez-Campos, Raquel Gil Carrasco, Mahesh Manik Bandgar, Kranti Pandare, Vikas Jagatap, Kiran Ahire, Satyaranjan Behera; Pratyush P. Mohapatra, Prakash Mardaraj, Joseph Oakley, Daniel Nez-Robles, Steven Blaine, Luis Rivas; Vincent Voss, Cord Eversole, Randy Powell, Oscar Sierra-Serrano; Gerson Salcedo-Rivera, Anny Marmolejo-Vargas, Juan David Jimnez Bolao, Arnab Deb, Debendra Sinha, Jayaditya Purkayastha, Juliana Mello Fonseca, Fabio Soares Cruz , Mariana Soares , Pedro Mattos Pereira de Souza, Thiago Leal Tavares , Raquel de Azeredo Muniz, Rabin Bahadur K.C., Rabin Kadariya, Umesh Paudel, Bishnu Prasad Shrestha, Vanlal Siammawii, Malsawmdawngliana Fanai, Lal Muansanga, Vabeiryureilai Mathipi , Hmar Tlawmte Lalremsanga, Elangbam Premjit Singh, Jayaditya Purkayastha, Samadhan Phuge, Andrea Sequeira, Sameer Padhye, Radhakrishna Pandit, Sagar Vijay Patel, Jyoti Shankar Sahu, Swarup Fullonton, Aurobindo Samal, Aadit Patel, Dipak Vadher, Pranav Vaghashiya, Raju Vyas, Felipe Barrera Ocampo, Carlos Bran-Castrilln, Daylon Fundora Caballero, Yuney Hamedh Cruz Antigua, Oscar Sierra-Serrano, Juan David Jimnez Bolao, Jorge Alberto Ziga-Baos, Hernn Daro Granda-Rodrguez, Vanlal Siammawii, Fanai Malsawmdawngliana, Hmar Tlawmte Lalremsanga, Carla Juliana Santos-Souza, Carlos Eduardo Costa-Campos, Incia Maria Vieira, Daro Alarcn Naforo, Ronald Alessandro Daz Flrez, Rebecca Smith; Brianna Hukill, George Hicks, Paul Smith, Ayuthavel Kalaimani, M.Satheesh Kumar, Srinivasan Kumaran, Daniel Koleska, Martin Ertner, Petr Hammerschmied, Ondej Trvnek, Tom Holer, Dylan Souder, Kirty Prosad Nath; H. T. Lalremsanga, Mathipi Vabeiryureilai, Bikramjit Sinha, Oliver Quinteros Muoz, Pedro Gmez Murillo, Bladimir Marca, Amphibians and reptiles encountered during an expedition to Panama, Recent demographic survey of the Radiated Tortoise (Astrochelys radiata) in southwest Madagascar, An evaluation of sexual dimorphism in head size and shape of Red Salamanders (Pseudotriton ruber), Updated geographic distributions for Texas amphibians, Home ranges of Ornate Box Turtles in remnant prairies in north-central Illinois, Herps at height: Records of seven species utilizing the upper canopy in northwestern Ecuador, Discovery of a new population of boas on the Turks Bank, Turks and Caicos Islands, Herpetological diversity in forests of Portobelo National Park, Coln Biological Corridor, Panama, The mysterious death of Marsh Crocodiles, Crocodylus palustris, Vadodara, Gujarat State, India, Occurrence of the Red-bellied Snake (Storeria occipitomaculata) on the margins of a disjunct range, Taste the rainbow: A review of color abnormalities affecting the herpetofauna of the British Isles, First observation of a Tuberculated Agama, Laudakia tuberculata (Gray 1827) feeding on a low-spreading shrub (Ficus squamosa), A new distributional record and morphometry of the Kashmir Rock Agama, Laudakia tuberculata (Hardwickii & Gray 1827), from the Trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh, India, Maximum clutch size of an invasive Burmese Python (Python bivittatus) in Florida, USA, Presence of the Ornate Rainfrog, Pristimantis ornatissimus (Despax, 1911), in Colombia, Evidence of facultative scavenging by Southern Leopard Frog (Rana sphenocephala) larvae, Predation by Mugger Crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) on Spotted Deer (Axis axis), Confirmation of Irawadi Forest Lizard, Calotes irawadi Zug, Brown, Schulte and Vindum 2006 (Squamata: Agamidae), from Manipur, Northeast India, First record of predation on a Red-tailed Coralsnake (Micrurus mipartitus) by an Antioquian Coralsnake (Micrurus dumerilii antioquensis), Maximum length records for the Banded Racer (Platyceps plinii) and the Laudankia Vinesnake (Ahaetulla laudankia) and a new geographic record from Gujarat, India.
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