2015;4:1. MS, JM and AM carried out the initial literature review and all authors participated in the discussion of the analysis, the editing of the drafts and read and agreed on the final version of this manuscript. The Meikirch Model of Health posits that: Health is a state of wellbeing emergent from conducive interactions between individuals potentials, lifes demands, and social and environmental determinants. As inclusion criteria each study had to: (1) be written in English or Portuguese; (2) report a quantitative relationship between at least one environmental determinant, and one health outcome and (3) population health should be analyzed in urban settings at city level, council or metropolitan area (studies performed in Brazil municipalities must state if the municipality is an urban environment). Socioeconomic determinants of health, including income, living conditions, decent jobs and education, have become more unequally shared across society, and this has widened healthinequality. the persons individual characteristics and behaviours. NNLM Member organizations provide health professionals and the general public with health information resources and services. 2014;19(7):222534. in case White has comparatively higher health than other groups); negative (), if a desirable improvement in the indicator was associated with a deterioration of population health (i.e. Out of the sample of 94 studies, the largest number of included studies were published between 2012 and 2016. Guidotti TL. This seminal descriptio, Does every income, racial, ethnic, and age group have an equal right to protection from environmental hazards? Am J Med. UNAIDS. Health Soc Care Community. A systematic review. JAMA Netw Open. Lovasi GS, Bader MD, Quinn J, Neckerman K, Weiss C, Rundle A. A systematic review, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08905-0, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/826634, http://www.who.int/kobe_centre/measuring/urbanheart/en/index.html, https://www.uc.pt/en/fluc/gigs/GeoHealths, https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/metrics_daly/en/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. 2011;8:125. Predominantly the referred studies analyzed the impact of an environmental determinant and/or dimension making use of more than one indicator; and more than half focused on adult populations (1864-years-old). Konkel L. Air pollution and ASDs: a deeper dive into an environmental risk factor. Mental disorders and employment status in the Sao Paulo metropolitan area, Brazil: gender differences and use of health services. WebDeterminants of health may be biological, behavioral, sociocultural, economic, and ecological. Assuring the health of the public goes beyond focusing on the health status of individuals; it requires a population health approach. This approach to health promotion is synonymous with health Accidents between motor vehicles, bicycles and pedestrians (particularly children and young people). Soares AL, Rego FC, McPherson EG, Simpson JR, Peper PJ, Xiao Q. WebWith contributions from leading experts, Environmental Determinants of Human Health examines numerous pollutants, both inorganic and organic, in the context of their human Int J Environ Res Public Health. Urban settings offer a high variety of opportunities, jobs and services, but the diversity, urban segregation and heterogeneous socioeconomic characteristics contribute to inequalities in health [19]. WebEnvironmental Determinants of Health. Naylor C. Creating healthy places: Perspectives from NHS Englands Healthy New Towns programme. In search of causality: a systematic review of the relationship between the built environment and physical activity among adults. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. The health status and the health-related quality of life of individuals, or a specific population, are fundamentally determined by the environment and the circumstances (health determinants) of a person, or a population. Bircher J, Kuruvilla S. Defining health by addressing individual, social, and environmental determinants: new opportunities for health care and public health. Our results from the framework (Fig. PubMed Part of Social Determinants of Health - Healthy People 2030 | health.gov Lancet Planet Health. An integrated and holistic overview is necessary to facilitate a systematic examination of population health and its multiple environmental determinants in urban contexts, so that it is possible to track new evidence [24, 25] and to foster adapted research and policy development into sustainability [26]. The NNLM will establish a baseline of understanding of EDHs for NNLM members. The health of people living in cities is deeply determined by their living conditions. Your US state privacy rights, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08905-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08905-0. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019; 2019. Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee, WHO Europe website on health impacts of transport, A different route to health: implications of transport policies, Social Determinants of Health: the solid facts. Food packaging, preservation and safety, and avoidance of long storage and travel. These determinantsor things that make people healthy or notinclude the above factors, and many others: An evidence base about the impact that projects, programmes and policies have had on health is required to carry out health impact assessment (HIA). Report of the WHO Commission on Health and Environment. Although, we recognize the value of grey literature, in the current systematic review this form of publication was not considered due to potential risk of bias. 2018;6(2):e152e68. Privacy Encyclopedia of Public Health. PubMed van Kempen E, Casas M, Pershagen G, Foraster M. WHO environmental noise guidelines for the European region: a systematic review on environmental noise and cardiovascular and metabolic effects: a summary. As a healthcare determinant works as a mediating pathway of inequality to mortality, the evidence about the association of healthcare indicators and population health is limited. Am Sociol Rev. Given that, the number of individuals newly infected with HIV has declined over the years but some groups remain at high risk [56], this can be an explanation for the present evaluation of the impact of environmental determinants on HIV indicators. BMC Public Health. behaviour change approach; community development approach; biomedical approach; none of these; Answer: B. chapter 2: determinants of lifelong health, wellness, and fitness Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Four million children die annually from diarrheal diseases acquired from contaminated food or water. CH 2 Determinants of Lifelong Health Wellness and 2015;10(4):e0123456. Acknowledging the complexity and interconnectedness of population health assessment and their specificities for urban contexts, the purpose of collecting data related to determinants of population health in cities was to facilitate more evidence-based, rational, and prioritizing policy making. "Environmental Determinants of Health Mberu BU, Haregu TN, Kyobutungi C, Ezeh AC. What are examples from the housing sector? National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina) Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Key conclusions and policy recommendations were extracted to inform the construction of a final framework to analyze environment related population health in urban settings. WebEnvironmental conditions, or the quality and state of the environment, are an inescapable part of daily life that can impact health. Lastly, Fig. Seven Health Sciences Libraries function as the Regional Medical Library (RML) for their respective region. These are presented below: Agricultural production issues and manufacturing. Environmental Determinants of Health | SpringerLink Sandy BDLC, Harpham T, Stephens C. A review of environmental health impacts in developing country cities. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of literature to identify which key environmental determinants (socioeconomic, built environment, natural environment, health behaviors and healthcare) and respective dimensions and indicators (used to operationalize the measurement of determinants) are associated with human health outcomes, entailing overall mortality and morbidity, in urban settings. Available: http://www.who.int/kobe_centre/measuring/urbanheart/en/index.html. Associations with all the determinants evaluated were found, as well as for mental outcomes. Unfortunately this is not often the case, and the evidence of health impacts is often not available. Pons-Vigues M, Diez E, Morrison J, Salas-Nicas S, Hoffmann R, Burstrom B, et al. The health outcomes box displays the main outcomes dimensions relevant to measure environmental population health in urban settings. Cad Saude Publica. Hundreds of millions of people suffer from respiratory diseases caused by biological and chemical agents in the air, both indoors and outdoors. Air Pollution 3.1.1. Reducing wastes and consumption at the local level can have positive effects on the entire earth's ecosystems. 4 systematizes the determinants and dimensions hierarchy relevant to analyze environmental population health in urban settings, based on findings of this review and on recommendations extracted from the studies included. 2008;52(7):68996. Braz J Epidemiol. Most, The environmental movement in the United States is often dated to the 1962 publication of Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring. Health status is influenced by a multitude of factors. Overview More The social determinants of health (SDH) are the non-medical factors that influence health outcomes. 2016;24(6):1197215. Asbestos 3.3. The restriction to cities, where agriculture has few expression in daily life can explain the lack of evidence or as mention by Morrison (2014) [44] there is a link between soil and air pollutants, but the associations between air quality and health are more pronounced. What are examples from the industrial sectors? Such cases of positive or negative associations are presented in Tables1, 3, 5, 7, 9 in Additional file 1. Pettibone KG, Balshaw DM, Dilworth C, Drew CH, Hall JE, Heacock M, et al. It is generally assumed that the evidence for health impacts exists, and that searching and collating will provide the necessary evidence. Google Scholar. de Sousa GS, Magalhaes FB, Gama Ida S, de Lima MV, de Almeida RL, Vieira LJ, et al. Housing tenure, outdoor temperature, indoor air quality, dampness, housing design, rent subsidies, relocation, allergens and dust mites, home accident prevention, and fire prevention. 2017;185(10):91423. Revista brasileira de epidemiologia = Braz J Epidemiol. 2019;59:102198. Physical environment safe water and clean air, healthy workplaces, safe houses, communities and roads all contribute to good health. WebLearning Objectives Describe the relationship between access to and quality of water, sanitation, food, and air on individual and population health Describe the interrelatedness of ecosystems, animal health, and human health and discuss the principles of the One Health approach to Global health Describe some of the most cost-effective ways of reducing the Global AIDS monitoring 2019. Determinants Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal, Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, R. de Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal, Joana Madureira,Ana Sofia Mendes&Joo Paulo Teixeira, EPIUnit - Instituto de Sade Pblica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 135, Porto, Portugal, VALORSUL, Estao Mercadorias Bobadela, Plataforma Ribeirinha CP, 2696-801, Lisbon, So Joo da Talha, Portugal, CEG-IST, Centro de Estudos de Gesto do Instituto Superior Tcnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. To understand approaches needed to address environmental health concerns, a distinction is made between infectious and chronic causes of disease. Threats to any one of the EDHs can have an adverse impact on the health and well-being of the population. the transmission of agents of infectious disease from human and animal excreta (sanitation, hygiene and water-related); exposure to toxic chemicals in human and animal excreta; and in industrial wastes discharged into the environment; environmental degradation, direct and indirect impacts on health; exposure to solid wastes and involvement in informal waste recycling; and, Hydropower and their impact on vector borne diseases, and pollution, Occupational health effects of energy workers, Impacts on ecosystems, agriculture, forests, fisheries and building materials, Manufacture of rubber and plastic products, City environment and non-communicable diseases. National food security able to provide adequate nutrition within a country without relying heavily on imported products. PLoS One. Knobel P, Dadvand P, Maneja-Zaragoza R. A systematic review of multi-dimensional quality assessment tools for urban green spaces. A representation of the environmental determinants and dimensions relevant to evaluate population health in urban settings is depicted in Fig. Air Pollution from Domestic Sources 2.5. Environmental health Local environmental policy-making and place branding in the Greenest City in Europe. Encyclopedia of Public Health. 2012;15(1):21121. Weaver SR, Dai D, Stauber C, Luo R, Rothenberg R. The urban health index: a handbook for its calculation and use: World Health Organization; 2014. ." The 94 studies explored 24-paired associations between 45 indicators (within 5 environmental determinants) and the 5 categories of health outcomes. (1996). Ecohealth There is scope and need to further explore which environmental determinants and dimensions most contribute to population health to create a series of robust evidence-based measures to better inform urban planning policies. The exclusion criteria were: (1) specific populations as migrants or indigenous populations or population living in slums; (2) genetic studies or studies using animal models, as well as studies evaluating the applications of tools or indexes and studies comparing rural and urban environments; (3) qualitative studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses and (4) studies that were only published in abstract form. Exposures to these types of environmental vectors are known as downstream, or proximate, determinants of health (that is, the exposures are closely related in time and space to the ill effects they produce), and they impact both health and well-being. Only 5 studies assessed the healthcare determinant showing that increases in hospital supply and infrastructures have positive associations with overall mortality, while dental care use and health infrastructures showed null associations with any health outcome. 2010;33(1):6878. These geographic differences reinforce the need for a differentiated environmental health assessment, using the right indicators and determinants to evaluate population health in urban environments and improve equity [59, 60]. 2014;14:198. McCormack GR, Shiell A. Recent studies and socio-ecological models have been demonstrating that population health is influenced by economic factors, employment, education status, access to green spaces, walkability, water and air quality and individual behavior [2,3,4,5,6,7].
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