Population in 1945 Between 300,000-420,000, according the Department of Energy and the City of Hiroshima website. Cullings HM, Fujita S, Funamoto S, et al. Three days later, a plutonium bomb known as "Fat Man" was loaded on a B-29 bomber called Bockscar, which was flown by Major Charles Sweeney. An estimated 90,000 to 140,000 people in Hiroshima (up to 39 percent of the population) and 60,000 to 80,000 people in Nagasaki (up to 32 percent of the population) died in 1945, though the number which died immediately as a result of exposure to the blast, heat, or due to radiation, is unknown. So whats going on here? Among survivors aged 1014 years in 1945, a 5,000-people/km2 increase in population density was associated with a relative risk of 1.069. The United States detonates the world's first atomic bomb at a test site in New Mexico on July 16, 1945. Therefore, survivors located in rural regions were generally exposed to higher levels of radiation, while survivors located in urban regions, particularly to the southeast of the hypocenter, were generally exposed to lower levels. Conversely, in Nagasaki, urban regions near the hypocenter were less dense than urban regions far from the hypocenter. We obtained data on the population distribution in Hiroshima and Nagasaki before the 1945 bombings and quantified the impact of adjustment for population density on radiation risk estimates for mortality (19502003) and incident solid cancer (19582009). But inside Hiroshima there are many popular destinations as well, and according to online guidebooks, these are the most popular tourist destinations in Hiroshima:[54]. https://www.e-stat.go.jp/en/stat-search/files?page=1&layout=datalist&toukei=00200521&tstat=000001036869&cycle=0&tclass1=000001037373&second=1&second2=1. Population density was included as a linear term in the background model because exploratory analyses revealed a linear association across density categories. Department of Statistics, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan. Population density in urban regions of Hiroshima (solid line) and Nagasaki (dashed line) before the bombings in 1945 according to distance from the hypocenter, obtained from the Joint Commission for the Investigation of the Effects of the Atomic Bomb in Japan. Therefore, we sought to address this potential for residual confounding by leveraging historical information on population density before the bombings as an adjustment variable to capture urban-rural differences on a finer scale. Comparisons of model fit were based on the Akaike information criterion (AIC), which penalizes the value of the maximized log-likelihood by the number of estimated parameters (25, 26). Streetcar service started in 1912,[48] was interrupted by the atomic bomb, and was restored as soon as was practical. [16], Map of Hiroshima City in the 1930s (Japanese edition), During World War II, the Second General Army and Chgoku Regional Army was headquartered in Hiroshima, and the Army Marine Headquarters was located at Ujina port. Beebe GW, Usagawa M. The Major ABCC Samples. In 1949, a design was selected for the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. Approximately 70,000 people, or 27% of the total population, were killed outright or shortly after the blast. Approximately 140,000 people, or 55% of the total population, were dead by years end. IFLScience The Big Questions: How Is Climate Change Affecting Polar Bear Populations? [9] Population: 137,197. After the Han was abolished in 1871, the city became the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture. For these survivors, population density was set to 116 people/km2. To protect against potential firebombings in Hiroshima, school children aged 1114 years were mobilized to demolish houses and create firebreaks.[19]. [citation needed], The book Hiroshima by John Hersey was originally published in article form in the magazine The New Yorker,[25] on August 31, 1946. [50] There are also many museums in Hiroshima, including the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, along with several art museums. The city's main association football club is Sanfrecce Hiroshima, who play at the Hiroshima Big Arch. It starts piled very high and is generally pushed down as the cabbage cooks. Abe said Japan will work to achieve a world without nuclear weapons and is committed to its three principles of not producing, possessing or allowing nuclear arms on its territory. Consequently, differences in urbanicity between high-dose and low-dose survivors could confound the association between radiation dose and adverse health outcomes (3). Details on stratification are provided in the Web Appendix. Conversely, in Nagasaki, the hypocenter was approximately 3 km northwest of the citys urban center. Following the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Hiroshima rapidly transformed into a major urban center and industrial hub. . [7][8] Hiroshima Castle was quickly built, and in 1593 Mri moved in. Hiroshima (, Hiroshima-shi, /hroim/, also UK: /hrm/,[2] US: /hrom/, Japanese:[ioima]) is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan. It publishes both morning paper and evening editions. A 1998 study found that around an additional 62,000 people in Hiroshima had died as a result of the bomb, bringing the total number of victims to more than 200,000. When not making maps and infographics for Britannica, he enjoys photographing the beautiful city of Chicago. Inclusion of the density age interaction did not affect the radiation ERR, and model fit was further reduced. Among all survivors in the Life Span Study (n = 93,741), 77,487 survivors (82.7%) were located within 5 km of the hypocenter and inside the urban region of either city. Hiroshima is situated on the ta River delta, on Hiroshima Bay, facing the Seto Inland Sea on its south side. The median age was largest among survivors located within 5 km of the hypocenter and inside the citys urban region. This year, Japanese Prime Minister Abe Shinzo will attend ceremonies marking the 75th anniversary of the bombings, in Hiroshima on Thursday and in Nagasaki on Sunday. The layers are typically egg, cabbage, bean sprouts (moyashi), sliced pork/bacon with optional items (mayonnaise, fried squid, octopus, cheese, mochi, kimchi, etc. Estimation was performed using the gnm extension package for generalized non-linear models, assuming a Poisson distribution and log link function (2224). The region where Hiroshima stands today was originally a small fishing village along the shores of Hiroshima Bay. WebThe population of Hiroshima in June of 1945 was 255,260. The river's six channels divide Hiroshima into several islets. [44] By 1955, the city's population had returned to pre-war levels.[45]. This particular isotope forms the fuel for reactors and is the stuff that makes a bomb go boom. WebThe total population of the Empire of Japan, including Taiwan, Chsen, and Karafuto was 64,940,034 on Dec 31, 1908, which could be broken down as follows: Japan proper: 51,742,486 Chsen: 9,918,566 Taiwan: 3,252,589 Long-term effects included cataracts and cancer. By 1995 almost all campuses were relocated to Higashihiroshima. Deaths and illnesses from radiation injury continued to mount through the succeeding decades. Web83,884 Views 11 CrossRef citations to date 0 Altmetric Listen Miscellany The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki: A Summary of the Human Consequences, 1945-2018, and Lessons for Homo sapiens to End the Nuclear Weapon Age Masao Tomonaga Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 2018. Sex-specific background rates were adjusted for age at exposureequivalent to birth year because all survivors were exposed in 1945and attained age. The sex-averaged ERR per Gy increase in weighted absorbed colon dose was 0.448 (Table 2). These attacks were the first use of atomic weapons in war. As Toyo Kogyo Soccer Club, they won the Japan Soccer League five times between 1965 and 1970 and the Emperor's Cup in 1965, 1967 and 1969. The. Approximately 70,000 Third, estimation of density associations could have been influenced by measurement error. It is reported to have reached Tokyo, in English, at least by January 1947 and the translated version was released in Japan in 1949. The city's main women's football club is Angeviolet Hiroshima. It was deployed by a B-29 bomber named theEnola Gay. Statistical hypotheses regarding regression parameters were evaluated using likelihood ratio statistics. This reaction does not require that much uranium to achieve a significant explosion 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) of U-235 can liberate energy equivalent to about 17 kilotons of TNT. Nakaya T, Honjo K, Hanibuchi T, et al. In particular, lower- and middle-class individuals in dense, urban regions experienced widespread food shortages throughout the war, even with the support of rations, whereas individuals in rural regions were able to grow their own food or to trade with local farmers. There are several strengths of our analysis. The views of the authors do not necessarily reflect those of the two governments. The stories of these different disasters are well known today but worth going over. Among 80,205 survivors with known radiation doses, and who were alive and at risk for a first primary solid cancer in 1958, there were 17,316 first primary solid cancers over a total follow-up time of 2,317,884 person-years; 66,084 survivors (82.4%) were located within 5 km of the hypocenter and inside the urban region of either city (Web Table 4). [21] By the end of the year, injury and radiation brought the total number of deaths to 90,000140,000. The small relative risks for population density could be particularly sensitive to measurement error. Of the deaths observed during follow-up, 10,940 were due to solid cancer. WebThe Radiation Effects Research Foundation website gives a range of 90,000-140,000 1945 deaths at Hiroshima out of a population of 310,000. . WebThe population of Nagasaki in July 1945 was 195,290. On August 6, In addition, during later years of the war, adolescents in urban regions were conscripted into work groups. Common Medical Myths And Misunderstandings. Hiroshima was the first military target of a nuclear weapon in human history. In contrast, the explosion at Chernobyl, which was much smaller and occurred at ground-level, threw over 400 times as much radioactive material into the atmosphere as well as leaving large chunks of nuclear fallout debris (parts of the reactor contaminated by radiation) in the local area. Hiroshima. In early August 1945, at the end of the Second World War, the United States detonated two nuclear bombs (named Little Boy and Fat Man, respectively) over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, three days apart. In particular, we selected age groups to correspond to children, adolescents, younger adults, and older adults. Analyses of solid cancer incidence were limited to 80,205 survivors with known radiation doses and who were alive and at risk for a first primary solid cancer at the beginning of follow-up on January 1, 1958 (14). Hiroshima is known for okonomiyaki, a savory (umami) pancake cooked on an iron plate, usually in front of the customer. Defunct clubs include Rijo Shukyu FC, who won the Emperor's Cup in 1924 and 1925, and fini Hiroshima SC. The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki still represent the only use of nuclear weapons against an enemy population. Three of the most cataclysmic nuclear events of the 20th century took place in three cities, two in Japan and one in Ukraine. From the 12th century, the village was rather prosperous and was economically attached to a Zen Buddhist temple called Mitaki-Ji. In Moscow, 74% of the capital citys 12.4 million people live outside the blast range of a 100-kiloton nuclear bomb if it were detonated over the Kremlin. [35], Hiroshima was proclaimed a City of Peace by the Japanese parliament in 1949, at the initiative of its mayor, Shinzo Hamai (19051968). [44] Following the atomic bombing in 1945, the population dropped to 137,197. The Japanese city and the Prefecture of Hiroshima may have been devastated by the atomic bomb over 77 years ago, but today, this site of the destruction is one of the top tourist destinations in the entire country. The 9,000-pound uranium-235 bomb was dropped at 8.15 a.m local time, exploding 2,000 feet above Hiroshima. Note that even after stratifying the density association by calendar year, the radiation ERR was unchanged (0.241, 95% confidence interval: 0.190, 0.291) compared with the estimates provided in Table 1. Many victims died years later, as a result of cancer and other illnesses linked to radiation poisoning caused by the bombings. Other attractions in Hiroshima include Shukkei-en, Fudin, Mitaki-dera, and Hijiyama Park. (Service between Koi/Nishi Hiroshima and Tenma-cho was started up three days after the bombing. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The recorded death tolls are estimates, but it is thought that about 140,000 of Hiroshima's 350,000 population were killed, and that at least 74,000 people died in On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima. The initial target was the city of Kokura, but because of thick clouds, the bomb was dropped on the secondary target of Nagasaki. All analyses were completed using R, version 3.4.0 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Using modern mapping techniques, we assigned population density estimates to survivors in the Life Span Study. [18] There were no such air raids on Hiroshima. However, it is possible that our analytical approach did not adequately adjust for confounding because the definition of locationmerely a binary indicator of distance from the hypocenterwas too coarse. 587 - The chief temple dates from this time. Among survivors aged 1014 years in 1945, population density was associated with both all-cause and solid cancer mortality but not with incident solid cancer. In our analysis, population density was defined prior to radiation exposure and for all survivors. Hiroshima is a city, capital of Hiroshima ken (prefecture), near the southwestern end of Honshu island, Japan. The park also contains a large collection of monuments, including the Children's Peace Monument, the Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims and many others. At the time of the explosion, two people were killed and around 28 others died within a week, but a subsequent 600,000 personnel involved in the clean-up operations (called liquidators) were subsequently exposed to dangerous levels of radiation. . On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, marking the 75th anniversary of the attack. WebDuring World War II, Allied forces conducted air raids on Japan from 1942 to 1945, causing extensive destruction to the country's cities and killing between 241,000 and 900,000 people. There was a small but nonsignificant association between population density and risk of solid cancer mortality. The public release of film footage of the city following the attack, and some of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission research on the human effects of the attack, were restricted during the occupation of Japan, and much of this information was censored until the signing of the Treaty of San Francisco in 1951, restoring control to the Japanese. Hiroshima Gokoku Shrine is within the walls of the castle. The documentary contained general information about the city. We hypothesize that this association was driven by wartime deprivation in urban regions, to which developing children and adolescents were particularly sensitive. Hiroshima has a humid subtropical climate characterized by cool to mild winters and hot, humid summers. Published November 20. . Did George Washington Really Say, I Cant Tell a Lie? We focused on radiation excess relative risks (ERRs) and the evidence for curvature in the radiation dose-response. [14], During World War I, Hiroshima became a focal point of military activity, as the Japanese government entered the war on the Allied side. Within Japan, Hiroshima has a similar relationship with Nagasaki. However, we allowed the density association to differ by age and calendar time. Population density ranged from 4,671 to 14,378 people/km2 in the urban region of Hiroshima and 5,748 to 19,149 people/km2 in the urban region of Nagasaki. Although there was no overall association between population density and adverse health outcomes, there was evidence that the association between density and mortality differed by age at exposure. Precinct officials then reported these numbers to their district office on a monthly basis. Hiroshima's rebuilt castle (nicknamed Rij, meaning Koi Castle) houses a museum of life in the Edo period. Terumoto was on the losing side at the Battle of Sekigahara. The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Hiroshima, Japan. We obtained historical data on the prebombing population distributions in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Little Boy, the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, held 64 kilograms (141 pounds) of uranium and its purity (the amount of U-235 it contained) was only about 80 percent. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. In contrast, the Chernobyl disaster was an accident that occurred on the night of April 26, 1986, when a flawed reactor exploded, releasing dangerous radionuclides into the atmosphere. We found that adjustment for population density had no substantial impact on radiation risk estimates for mortality and incident solid cancer, likely due to the lack of a strong association between density and these outcomes. We Absolutely Need to Know Where COVID Came From, Five Impending Supreme Court Rulings That Could Change Your Life, Kevin McCarthy Doesn't Know if Trump Is 'Strongest' GOP Candidate, Couple Drop Stockton Rush Lawsuit Over Their Delayed $200K Titanic Dive, Samuel Alito Breaks With Majority in Ex-Clerk's Supreme Court Election Case, DeSantis Issues Warning to Republicans About 2024 Election. Of note, among survivors aged 1014 years in 1945, there was a positive association between population density and risk of all-cause mortality: a 5,000-people/km2 increase in density was associated with a relative risk of 1.053. Hiroshima University was established in 1949, as part of a national restructuring of the education system. First, prior analyses of the Life Span Study data have adjusted for risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary habits. | RSS, NASA Locks Four Volunteers Inside Mars Simulation For A Year, New Phase Of Matter Discovered In Quantum "Musical Chairs" Setup, Special Carbon Molecule Spotted By JWST In The Orion Nebula For The First Time, People Are Asking Why The Titanic Didn't Implode As It Sank, Byford Dolphin Accident: How Living Under Intense Pressure Led To One Of The Most Gruesome Accidents In History, This Haunting Video Is The Only Genuine Footage Of The Titanic Before And After It Sank. It is estimated that around 140,000 of Hiroshima's population of 350,000 were killed in the bombing, and it is estimated that around 74,000 people died in Nagasaki. Those neutrons then split more U-235 atoms releasing more energy, and so on in what is a nuclear chain reaction. WebThis report stated that Hiroshima suffered 135,000 casualties, or more than half of its population. Hiroshima is also served by NHK, Japan's public broadcaster, with television and radio broadcasting. Associations of adverse social conditions during childhood and adolescence with adult mortality are well documented (29, 30). Atomic Bomb Dome, one of the few buildings not obliterated by the blast, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1996. The San'y Railway was extended to Hiroshima in 1894, and a rail line from the main station to the harbor was constructed for military transportation during the First Sino-Japanese War. [38] The 49th annual G7 summit was held in Hiroshima in May 2023.[39]. Typically, when nuclear fuel is spent no longer generating energy it is replaced and stored at the reactor until it can be safely disposed of or recycled for further use. b Sex-averaged ERR of solid cancer mortality per gray increase in weighted absorbed colon dose, among those exposed to a radiation dose with a total shielded kinetic energy released per unit mass of 4 gray at age 30 years and who achieved an attained age of 70 years. The aerial view from a B-29 Superfortress of the mushroom cloud resulting from the atomic bomb detonation in Hiroshima, on Aug. 6, 1945. [17], The bombing of Tokyo and other cities in Japan during World War II caused widespread destruction and hundreds of thousands of civilian deaths. The U.S. bombed Japan towards the end of the Second World War, prompting the Japanese to surrender on August 15, 1945, bringing the conflict to an end. To assign a population density to a survivor in the Life Span Study, we determined whether the survivor was located in an urban region and, if so, the density at that location. Jon Michaub, "Eighty-Five From the Archive: John Hersey". An estimated two-thirds of that population nearly all civilians would soon be dead. Russell is a Science Writer with IFLScience and has a PhD in the History of Science, Medicine and Technology. In the absence of a longitudinal measure of population density, we allowed the density association to differ across groups defined by their age when density was measured. Hiroshima is located on a broad river delta. Hiroshima was a city of considerable military importance. Survivors located outside an urban region but within 5 km of the hypocenter, as well as survivors located beyond 5 km, were assigned the average population density in rural Japan according to the February 1944 national census: 116 people/km2 (20, p. 36). However, a real threat existed and was recognized. Population in 1945 First, we used ecological data on prebombing population density as a surrogate measure of individual-level socioeconomic and environmental factors that differed between urban and rural regions, and we were unable to elucidate the impact of different factors. It is cooked with various ingredients, which are layered rather than mixed as done with the Osaka version of okonomiyaki. Hiroshima, in particular, is deeply troubled by abrupt, horrifying tragedies. Roger Angell, From the Archives, "Hersey and History". There was also evidence for an interaction between population density and age at exposure (P = 0.052). Radio stations include Hiroshima FM, Chugoku Communication Network, FM Fukuyama, FM Nanami, and Onomichi FM. Future work could focus on specific cancer sites, particularly those with established urban-rural disparities, such as breast cancer (11, 34). The Hiroshima Peace Memorial (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) serves as a memorial of the bombing. [23], As Ian Buruma observed: .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, News of the amazing explosion of the atom bomb attacks on Japan was deliberately withheld from the Japanese public by US military censors during the Allied occupationeven as they sought to teach the natives the virtues of a free press. These estimates were consistent with the geography of each city: Urban regions in Nagasaki were more densely concentrated in valleys, whereas urban regions in Hiroshima were less densely distributed across a flat plain. For these survivors, density estimates were assigned (Web Figure 1). Hiroshima is served by Japan National Route 2, Japan National Route 54, Japan National Route 183, Japan National Route 261, Japan National Route 433, Japan National Route 487, Japan National Route 488. When Kyoto and Fukuoka discontinued their trolley systems, Hiroshima bought them up at discounted prices, and, by 2011, the city had 298 streetcars, more than any other city in Japan.[49]. We obtained identical results when we assigned a population density of 0 or 1,000 people/km2 to these survivors. [5] Most of Hiroshima was destroyed, and by the end of the year between 90,000 and 166,000 had died as a result of the blast and its effects. [36][37], On May 27, 2016, Barack Obama became the first sitting United States president to visit Hiroshima since the atomic bombing. The research was also funded in part through the Department of Energy and National Academy of Sciences (award DE-HS0000031) and the National Cancer Institute (contract HHSN261201400009C), with additional support from the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics in the National Cancer Institute Intramural Research Program. According to declassified documents, the US military estimated in June 1945 that a full-scale invasion of the Japanese home islands, in the worst-case scenario, could be expected to incur up to 220,000 casualtiesquite far from Stimsons over a million. Moreover, of the 220,000 casualties, only 46,000 were projected as fatalities. Following the two bombings, Japan surrendered on August 15, which Emperor Hirohito announced in a radio broadcast. Benjamin French and others, Population Density in Hiroshima and Nagasaki Before the Bombings in 1945: Its Measurement and Impact on Radiation Risk Estimates in the Life Span Study of Atomic Bomb Survivors, American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 187, Issue 8, August 2018, Pages 16231629, https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy066. John Hersey, Hiroshima (New York: Random House, 1989). Deaths were identified by the Japanese national family registry system between October 1, 1950, and December 31, 2003. Reiji Okazaki ( , 19301975), molecular biologist, discoverer of Okazaki fragments. I. McCarthy's comments come on the same day that Trump for the first time is favored in a hypothetical election rematch against President Biden, per one new poll. "Victory in Japan" or "V-J Day" celebrations took place across the country. Robert SA, Strombom I, Trentham-Dietz A, et al. Cullings HM, Grant EJ, Egbert SD, et al. "[24], The US occupation authorities maintained a monopoly on scientific and medical information about the effects of the atomic bomb through the work of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, which treated the data gathered in studies of hibakusha as privileged information rather than making the results available for the treatment of victims or providing financial or medical support to aid victims. Uniquely, the pagoda is made of steel, rather than the usual stone. Most nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors run off enriched uranium containing high concentrations of the isotope uranium-235 (U-235). Third, the large sample size of the Life Span Study and sufficient number of outcomes allowed us to adjust for population density overall and among age subgroups. On Monday, August 6, 1945, at 8:15 a.m., the nuclear weapon Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima by an American B-29 bomber, the Enola Gay, flown by Colonel Paul The Woodone Open Hiroshima was part of the Japan Golf Tour between 1973 and 2007. But in 1972 the relocation of Hiroshima University was decided from urban areas of Hiroshima City to wider campus in Higashihiroshima City. [43] Before World War II, Hiroshima's population had grown to 360,000, and peaked at 419,182 in 1942. b Sex-averaged ERR of all-cause mortality per gray increase in weighted absorbed colon dose, among those exposed to a radiation dose with a total shielded kinetic energy released per unit mass of 4 gray at age 30 years and who achieved an attained age of 70 years. The UN estimates that only 50 people died as a direct result of the disaster, but in2005 it was predicted that a total of 4,000 people may yet die from the long-term effects of radiation exposure. Other symptoms included hair loss, inflammation of the throat, central nervous system damage, internal bleeding, bleeding into the skin (petechiae), gastrointestinal symptoms, and skin reddening (erythema). Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. In 2016, some 1.18 million foreigners visited Hiroshima, a 3.2-fold jump from about 360,000 in 2012. . The first atomic bombknown as "Little Boy"was dropped on Hiroshima by a modified B-29 bomber christened Enola Gay, after the mother of its pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets. In the Life Span Study of atomic bomb survivors (Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan), a survivors dose of ionizing radiation was determined primarily by the city in which the survivor was exposed and the ground distance between the bombs hypocenter and the survivors reported location (1, 2). Therefore, we also included a term for interaction between population density and a categorical variable for age at exposure (<10 years, 1014 years, 1529 years, 30 years) in the background model. Piecewise-constant hazard models for first primary solid cancer were similar to those for mortality. Hiroshima has several professional sports clubs. Based on the rice-rationing figures, the Commission estimated population density within radii of the hypocenter, up to 5 km, in urban regions of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Web Table 1, available at https://academic.oup.com/aje). This article is about the city in Japan. Author affiliations: Department of Statistics, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan (Benjamin French, Sachiyo Funamoto, John Cologne, Harry M. Cullings); Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan (Hiromi Sugiyama, Ritsu Sakata); Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (Kiyohiko Mabuchi); and Hirosoft International Corporation, Eureka, California (Dale L. Preston). Skyline of Hiroshima City from Mount Futaba2019, In 2017, the city has an estimated population of 1,195,327. About 70% of the city's buildings were destroyed, and another 7% severely damaged. These include an analysis of the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study, which showed that population density was strongly associated with all-cause mortality after adjustment for socioeconomic status and behavioral factors (9). However, there was no correlation between population density and age in either city (Web Figure 2).
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