Horm. Understanding the extent of this association has driven a great deal of research that will be discussed below. 2. Recommending the use of the Worldwide Mating Service (WMS) which carries inbuilt protection against all known undesirable recessive genes - as well as the three recently reported haplotypes (called HH1, HH2 and HH3) which affect fertility he says this provides complete reassurance that the defect will not be doubled up, with the resulting undesirable consequences. A review of studies estimating heritability of temperament traits suggest that handling temperament traits have moderately high heritabilities that should allow them to be included in multi-trait selection programmes. Research suggests that animals showing calm temperaments have better yields (Drugociu et al., 1977; Lawstuen et al., 1988; Breuer et al., 2000) and faster milking speed (Lawstuen et al., 1988; Sewalem et al., 2011). Sci. session so others can sign in. doi: 10.1016/0168-1591(93)90094-6, Grignard, L., Boivin, X., Boissy, A., and Le Neindre, P. (2001). For some breeds in some countries, correlations between productivity, meat quality, some fertility traits and temperament have been investigated, but by no means all. Anim. 8600 Rockville Pike HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Some authors also score response to human approach in a pen on a categorical scale (e.g., King et al., 2006). 53, 219224. Invited review: genomic selection in dairy cattle: progress and challenges. A., Price, M. A., Okine, E. K., Wang, Z., et al. The process of DNA testing is quite simple, as it only requires blood or tissue samples from the calf and their potential parents. 2020-41595-30123 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. DNA testing can confirm basic traits of importance, such as guaranteeing the hair coat color and polled status of future calves. Res. Search for other works by this author on: Copyright 1996 by American Society of Animal Science. A fourth option, direct genetic modification, is also available, but this is largely confined to experimental use rather than commercial practice at the moment. doi: 10.1186/1297-9686-43-17, Gauly, M., Mathiak, H., Hoffmann, K., Kraus, M., and Erhardt, G. (2001). (1999). doi: 10.2527/jas.2012-5707, Turner, S. P., Navajas, E. A., Hyslop, J. J., Ross, D. W., Richardson, R. I., Prieto, N., et al. However, if you are going to spend the money on parent verification, you might as well get more useful information from these samples. Proc. Originally it was brought in by the Vikings from Europe and introduced to England and Scotland, these cattle were small, dun-coloured and polled. J. Exp. (2011). It is normally expected that higher immunoglobulin levels in young animals is beneficial in mounting a response to disease challenge. Hayes, B. J., Bowman, P. J., Chamberlain, A. J., and Goddard, M. E. (2009). 2020 Jan;103(1):619-624. doi: 10.3168/jds.2019-16345. A. Rapid growth good carcass good maternal traits working in terminal and rotational programs have consistently ranked high in breed comparison Gelbvieh undesirable traits Some calving 85, 23822390. Other than the distinction between Bos indicus and Bos taurus, studies in which different breeds have been reared and handled together in a standardized manner are not numerous enough to allow a league table of breed temperament to be created at present. It is made on a categorical scale (typically 15), with qualitative or descriptive definitions given to states of increasing agitation, from no response, docile or calm through to vigorous, wild or violent response (e.g., Tulloh, 1961; Hearnshaw et al., 1979; Grandin, 1993). However, in a study with large numbers of animals, Sant'Anna et al. 97, 17741781. J. Anim. They are a small breed, with cows usually weighing about 1,210 pounds and bulls weighing 1,870 pounds. Extreme responses to handling may decline as repeated exposure allows the animal to habituate to human proximity and the handling process. A variety of autosomal recessive defects, many lethal to the newborn calf, have been recognized in Australia. Whenever new undesirable traits arise, they are immediately built into the system, which is one reason why milk producers all over the world have put their faith in the package, and made it the most respected and heavily used program of its kind in the dairy breeding industry. doi: 10.2527/jas.2009-2678, Cafe, L. M., Robinson, D. L., Ferguson, D. M., Geesink, G. H., and Greenwood, P. L. (2011a). Enter your library card number to sign in. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.08.005, Sewalem, A., Miglior, F., and Kistemaker, G. J. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80365-7, Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text, Sant'Anna, A. C., Paranhos da Costa, M. J. R., Baldi, F., Rueda, P. M., and Albuquerque, L. G. (2012). If we were to breed these heterozygous heifers back to a Hereford bull, we would get fifty percent heterozygous black (Bb) calves and fifty percent homozygous red (bb) calves (Figure 2.). The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. doi: 10.1017/S1751731110001801, Grandin, T. (1993). (2012). Sci. Line breeding is highly strategized inbreeding. 74, 109119. There are a number of traits that can be predicted from a DNA test, such as hair coat color, horned vs. polled, or the absence of genetic deformities. In contrast, calm beef steer calves had lower IgM levels than excitable calves (Fell et al., 1999; Burdick et al., 2009), but heifer calves showed the reverse pattern (Burdick et al., 2009). 71, 467476. Furthermore, individuals are often consistent in the way they respond when the challenge is repeated. Heritability estimates for dairy cattle milking temperament. The terms inbreeding coefficient and coefficient of inbreeding both refer to a mathematical formula devised by the late geneticist Sewell Wright. New traits are also being incorporated into selection indexes, such as calving ease, and the correlation of this trait with temperament must be determine before both traits can be included. D. Undesirable Traits: An undesirable trait, as designated by certain breed registries, is a condition or behavior which may or may not be present at birth, may develop over time, may or Associations between response to handling and growth and meat quality in frequently handled Bos taurus beef cattle. B., and Haskell, M. J. Live pigs produced from genome edited zygotes. Genetic parameters for traits other than production in purebred and crossbred New Zealand dairy cattle. Sci. In May 2023, Frontiers adopted a new reporting platform to be Counter 5 compliant, in line with industry standards. The simplest way to avoid having homozygous recessive calves is to always breed to a homozygous dominant bull. This review suggests little work has been done on personality traits other than handling temperament, and yet selection for maternal ability and appropriate levels of aggression and sociability and flexibility may be important in terms of animal health and welfare, and also in terms of farm efficiency. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Recent work on a larger scale and across different breeds has confirmed and extended earlier work by Burrow (1997). Agr. In terms of trait definition, it would appear that there are some very good definitions for a number of temperament traits, particularly for beef handling and dairy cow milking temperament. If you can't login to CAB Direct, it's likely that your library doesn't have a subscription. Given the potential adverse effects of excitable temperament on human safety and handling efficiency, the use of selective breeding to improve temperament is important. Most modern breeding programmes use more sophisticated statistical techniques (based on best linear unbiased prediction) to produce multivariate EBVs (a suite of EBVs for traits of interest, that takes into account relationships among animals, and associations among traits). Maternal behavior, or maternal aggressiveness is a human safety as well as a calf survival issue, particularly in farming systems in which humans come in close contact with cows and calves (Turner et al., 2013). They are well adapted to harsh snowfall and storms, which are commonplace in Scotland. countries First cousins share a set of grandparents. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00151-4, Gibbons, J., Lawrence, A. PMC Prod. This breeding While it is fairly simple to determine the mother (dam) of a calf, even that can get confused occasionally. The Hereford cows are homozygous recessive, which means they have two red alleles (bb). Sci. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Cattle have very sensitive ears and can be distressed by some noises. Some of the difference in estimates may be explained by sampling bias alone. If they appear, simply click their name then log in with your university credentials. In some Bos taurus breeds, the perception of the breed as being flighty or difficult to handle appears to motivate the breed society to make genetic evaluations on temperament measures such as docility, to improve the trait and improve the popular image of the breed. Scrotal circumference is often used as a measure of male and female reproductive performance. Take a first-cousin mating. doi: 10.1080/00288233.1994.9513054, Mller, R., and von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. (2006). 89, 5257. (2006b) found a moderate relationship between chute scores and response to confinement in a pen. This observed consistency of response within the animal, and the variation shown between individual animals or groups of animals, has historically been given a number of different labels, depending on whether the user is from a psychological, farm livestock or behavioral ecology background. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79576-4, Esmailizadeh, A. K., Bottema, C. D., Sellick, G. S., Verbyla, A. P., Morris, C. A., Cullen, N. G., et al. Breeders can ensure cattle are homozygous black (both genes are black, so offspring are black). The next big jump in the ability to accurately predict the performance of an animal came about when Expected Progeny Differences (EPDs) were introduced. Immunopathol. As it appears important for welfare and economic reasons to improve handling temperament, we need to facilitate the use of these traits in selection indexes. Docility in dairy cattle at milking and during handling is a trait that has been under selection informally and formally for generations, so extreme responses are rare. 87, 30303042. Estimates of heritability for adjusted 205-d weight, adjusted 365-d Precalving temperament and maternal defensiveness are independent traits but precalving fear may impact calf growth. Grignard et al. Anim. 161, 1727. Senior Honors Thesis, Texas A&M University. Heritability estimates alone are sufficient to produce simple (univariate) predicted or estimated breeding values (EBVs) which are predictions of the genetic merit of candidates for individual traits of interest. full text articles For dairy cattle, a calm response to the milking procedure is important both to maximize the efficiency of the milking process and to minimize the residual milk volume. 93, 2332. Appl. Everything breeders do today owes a debt to Bakewell. Similarly, excitable animals have higher levels of epinephrine (a hormone associated with the sympathomedullary system) in baseline measures and following challenge such as transportation (Curley et al., 2006b; Burdick et al., 2011). added every year, remove selected records that are not saved in My CABI, sign you out of your 5:368. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00368. Effects of the myostatin F49L substitution on beef traits. Correlations among animal, carcass and meat quality traits. Appl. Aust. J. Hered. (2012) found unfavorable genetic and phenotypic relationships between weaning weight and flight speed in Bos indicus (Nellore) cattle, showing that animals with fast speeds had lower weights. Proc. Baldwin, R. L., Smith, N. E., Taylor, J., and Sharp, M. (1980). Interrelationships among growth, endocrine, immune, and temperament variables in neonatal Brahman calves. However, when this aggression is directed at stockworkers or members of the public entering grazing fields, it clearly becomes much more problematic (Turner et al., 2013). (1985). Relationships of cattle temperament and physiologic responses to handling during typical management situations. The following video, produced by Dr. Matt Spangler, University of Nebraska, demonstrates how to collect samples for DNA testing of cattle. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. Most breed associations have adopted DNA tests for parent verification, and a variety of other traits. Breed. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. (2011). When dealing with traits with complete dominance, heterozygous animals are often called carriers because they are carrying the recessive allele and can pass it to their offspring even though they do not express the recessive phenotype themselves. Beyond the yearling stage, a number of studies with smaller numbers of cattle have shown phenotypic correlations between calm temperament and higher slaughter weights in both Bos indicus and Bos taurus breeds (chute score: Reinhardt et al., 2009; Cafe et al., 2011b; flight speed: Cafe et al., 2011b). However, there is only limited evidence that temperament is associated with clinical health parameters. It is breeding to close relatives in order to lock in desirable traits. Drugociu, G., Runceanu, L., Nicorici, R., Hritcu, V., and Pascal, S. (1977). (2008) looked at the response in detail and showed that despite having higher baseline levels, the excitable animals showed a blunted adrenal response to challenge compared to calm animals, indicating an elevated basal adrenal function that is often associated with chronic stress. Behav. doi: 10.1016/0301-6226(96)00009-7, Curley, K. O. Jr., Neuendorff, D. A., Lewis, A. W., Cleere, J. J., Welsh, T. J. Jr., and Randel, R. D. (2008). The traditional, purely-Iberian (Spanish) Texas Longhorn shares traits and appearances with many Criollo breeds from throughout the Americas that descend from the same roots. Proc. When mated, all offspring will be heterozygotes (Bb). Chute behavior of yearling beef cattle. 53, 904907. This can be presented as a velocity (e.g., exit velocity; Curley et al., 2006a) or as a flight time for a set distance (e.g., Fell et al., 1999). Thus, husbandry conditions may reduce the necessity to use genetic selection to improve temperament. doi: 10.1071/AR03072, Prayaga, K. C., and Henshall, J. M. (2005). (2006). These range from poor performance and structur-al unsoundness to semi-lethal and lethal diseases. DNA tests also look for rare but serious genetic disorders such as Curly Calf Syndrome (Arthrogryposis Multiplex), Fawn Calf Syndrome (Contractural Arachnodactyly), Dwarfism, Developmental Duplication, Double Muscling, Water Head (Neuropathic Hydrocephalus), Marble Bone (Osteopetrosis), Blue-eyed calves (Oculocutaneous Hypopigmentation), and other disorders that are caused by recessive genes in a breed. Res. Genetic parameters for clinical mastitis, somatic cell counts, and milk production estimated by multiple-trait restricted maximum likelihood. Sci. Sci. 93, 43594365. This may be due to habituation to the handling situation, which means that animals which show notable differences in temperament from group-mates when young gravitate toward the calmer end of the spectrum as they age, probably reducing both the genetic and phenotypic variation in the population. 91, 16861692. doi: 10.1071/AR05082. In this section, the relationship between temperament traits, and productivity, health and fitness traits are reviewed. The difference between inbreeding and line breeding lies in the degrees of separation between one half of a breeding pair and the other. 52, 595605. These relationships are not found universally; others have reported weaker correlations (Burrow and Corbet, 2000), or variations in strength of the correlations between breeds (Cafe et al., 2011b). doi: 10.3168/jds.2007-0631, Garrick, D. J. doi: 10.2527/jas.2008-1557, Hulbert, L. E., Carroll, J. It is breeding to close relatives in order to lock in desirable J. Anim. Select Sires is working closely with the AJCA and researchers from USDA-AGIL to learn about this new undesirable trait. Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2008.08.009, Gibbons, J. M., Haskell, M. J., and Lawrence, A. Prod. Variances and covariances between productive and adaptive traits and temperament in a composite breed of tropical beef cattle. The pedigree of a bull and the performance of his whole family may be excellent, but the mixture of the genes he received dont pass along the familys best traits. doi: 10.1071/AR02088, Richardson, E. C., and Herd, R. M. (2004). Careers. Behav. As expected, repeated measures result in higher heritabilities than a single measure (Burrow and Corbet, 2000). doi: 10.2527/jas.2009-1931, Burdick, N. C., Carroll, J. 87, 32023210. This may change as techniques such as gene editing used in human gene therapy begin to be applied to allow targeted changes in livestock (Lilico et al., 2013). The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). A smaller number of studies have also investigated the heritability of other temperament traits (Table 5). Nervous typology of cows as a determining factor of sexual and productive behavior. Cattle that only have one dominant black gene will have a black hair-coat, but could have red offspring when bred to cattle with a mixture of red genes. The site is secure. As mathematical techniques are developed that will allow evaluations across breeds and as costs of genotyping fall, more studies that include the assessment of temperament traits are likely. J. Exp. For centuries, the best information available was the pedigree of an animal and their individual performance. 40, 230240. There is not always consensus across the studies, but some of the larger studies provide strong evidence of favorable genetic correlations. Disclaimer. J. Anim. (2013). 92, 433443. Appl. J. Anim. Excitable temperament, as measured objectively or subjectively by speed of movement from a chute, is genetically and phenotypically associated with lower carcass weights in both Bos indicus and Bos taurus animals but the relationship may not be present in all cohorts or breeds of animals (flight speed: Burrow and Dillon, 1997; Nkrumah et al., 2007; Cafe et al., 2011b; response to release from chute: Reinhardt et al., 2009). Curley et al. All Rights Reserved. Note on genetic group and parity differences in dairy temperament score of crossbred cattle. 10, 311313. Dissert. Abnormality Report Form, 2023 Select Sires Inc. | All Rights Reserved | Terms of Use. (2010). (2009b). Milking temperament data are collated by herd improvement or milk recording organizations in many countries (www.interbull.org). View your signed in personal account and access account management features. The relationship between stress, pH and meat tenderness is not straight-forward, as the effects of acute and chronic stress on muscle physiology depend on a number of other factors such as post-mortem meat processing practices (King et al., 2006), which may explain some of the phenotypic variation. The variation in the heritability estimates is high in some cases, but may be due to variation between observers or the type of protocol used, which could be overcome with training of assessors and the creation of precise protocols. Hassall, A. C. (1974). 84, 31003103. For more information and a complete listing of carrier sires, please access the Frequently Asked Questions Animal temperament can be defined as a response to environmental or social stimuli. Many of these are caused A number of studies have shown moderate to high repeatabilities of scores for individual animals, indicating that they can be classed as temperament traits (e.g., novelty: Kilgour et al., 2006; Gibbons et al., 2009b, 2010; aggression: Gibbons et al., 2009a; MacKay et al., 2013). Meat Sci. A possible relationship between the flinch, step and kick response and milk yield in lactating cows. Anim. Sel. This history may have produced animals that are genetically less predisposed to fear humans and restraint, and which show less genetic variation in response to handling. Rev. doi: 10.2527/jas.2012-5473, Maltin, C., Balcerzak, D., Tilley, R., and Deldat, M. (2003). 2010 Oct 7;52(1):56. doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-52-56. Aust. Influence of temperament and transportation on physiological and endocrinological parameters in bulls. However, if you are going to spend the money on parent verification, you might as well get more useful information from these samples. doi: 10.1071/AR9840723, Hiendleder, S., Thomsen, H., Reinsch, N., Bennewitz, J., Leyhe-Horn, B., Looft, C., et al. Breeding problems with bulls (more fighting and associated stifle problems; penis abrasions- sheath is slightly pendulous 2. more J. J. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. doi: 10.1016/S0301-6226(01)00178-6, Burrow, H. M., and Corbet, N. J. doi: 10.2527/jas.2011-5044, Sartori, C., and Mantovani, R. (2010). Genetic parameters of fertility traits and their correlation with production, type, workability, liveweight, survival index, and cell count. It is a measure of how close two individuals are genetically related to each another. Simple Inheritance in Beef Cattle Beef Cattle - Extension 82, 25142516. The larger number of records used in these studies ought to reduce measurement error, but compared to the heritabilities for beef cattle handling temperament measures, those for dairy cattle are typically lower. However, even that method breaks down when bulls fight through fences, or break in to breed cattle in heat. 1. animal measures. Determinants of meat quality: tenderness. Genet. This human-focussed definition of temperament has been used broadly across the cattle sector, particularly in beef cattle. Growth rates have also been shown to have unfavorable phenotypic relationships with temperament, indicating that cattle with excitable temperaments grow more slowly (Bos indicus: Voisinet et al., 1997a; Petherick et al., 2002; Cafe et al., 2011b; Sant'Anna et al., 2012; Bos taurus: Voisinet et al., 1997a; Fell et al., 1999; Mller and von Keyserlingk, 2006; Reinhardt et al., 2009; Turner et al., 2011).
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