Barbara Bray (London, 1978). Alongside the ephemeral pamphlets and broadsides that poured from presses across Europe to satisfy the thirst of consumers, one chief hallmark of this was the emergence, starting in the Low Countries, of the regular serial newspaper reporting foreign and domestic affairs. Government policy since the revision of the EYFS has been committed to simplifying the curriculum, reducing paperwork and empowering providers to make their own decisions. They explore a range of early modern cultures of documentation feudal, notarial, civic, familial, academic, antiquarian, academic, religious and artistic and assess record-keeping in various different contexts urban and rural, institutional and personal, official and informal. 112 Elaine Leong, Collecting Knowledge for the Family: Recipes, Gender and Practical Knowledge in the Early Modern English Household, Centaurus, lv (2013), 87; see also Michelle Di Meo and Sara Pennell (eds. These systems ensured that every child had an organised file of evidence showing progress in each area of the National Curriculum as well as their personal achievements, and children were encouraged to take pride in their files and contribute to their content. 66 Burns, Notaries, Truth and Consequences, 373; Burns, Into the Archive. 92 Michael Hunter, Introduction, in Michael Hunter (ed. ), Archives of the Scientific Revolution: The Formation and Exchange of Ideas in Seventeenth-Century Europe (Woodbridge, 1998), 11; Elizabeth Yale, The Book and the Archive in the History of Science, Isis, cvii (2016). 143 Stoler, Along the Archival Grain, 1, 8, 31, and see 1753 passim. 1303.50 Third party leases and occupancy arrangements. Yeo's approaches to the subject of records involve discussing early human cognition, language, and memory, which prove to be a stimulating path in questioning the purposes of record creation. Records have immediate utility; archives are stored for posterity and for the use of others than those who originally created them. ), Towards a Cultural History of Archives; and Randolph C. Head (ed. 147 James M. OToole, The Symbolic Significance of Archives, American Archivist, lvi (1993). The revised EYFS was officially introduced in September 2012 and, subsequently, changes were made to the EYFS Profile for 2013. Focusing on almanacs, parish registers, commonplace books and financial accounts and redefining autobiography as a retrospective, mediated, intertextual process, Smyths monograph is helping to break down conventional boundaries between utilitarian documents and creative writing and inspiring new approaches to ostensibly dry, unpromising and formulaic bureaucratic records.120 He and others are finding subjectivity in unexpected places, including in texts that seemingly testify less to the spread of literacy than of numeracy. . Visitors' book As a minimum, must be kept between inspection periods. Circulating in both manuscript and print, they also served to advertise expertise, disseminate sound methods, register symptoms and record remedies and improve understanding of the mysterious human body. These emphasised that children's skills should be assessed when they were five years old in each of the 17 early learning goals. The following section, Why Might Sealings Have Been Preserved?, may be of higher interest to an archival science audience, particularly his discussion of auditing. The term was also used extensively in literature written and presented by the Government's own advisers National Strategies - which largely directed the early years agenda and monitored the local authority delivery of the early years curriculum. The book is not a simple history of records and archival practices in the ancient world; Yeo weaves in his own work regarding theories of records as well as other approaches from archival science and other fields to examine ancient practices. Introduction This toolkit has been created for the use of early years providers. Always in implicit dialogue with an imagined litigious future, the formulaic records they produced in accordance with conventional protocols are spaces in which we can nevertheless trace the play of power relations.66 The voluminous archives that have provided the basis for these imaginative studies remind us not merely of the pervasiveness of writing in these societies but of the dramatic increase in the supply of cheap paper by which it was fed and which in turn it fuelled. Jasmine Smith; Record-Making and Record-Keeping in Early Societies. 1302.91 Staff qualifications and competency requirements. 43 James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition have Failed (New Haven and London, 1998). 6. He posits that the need to retain knowledge beyond the normal limits of memory led to humans using objects in the natural environment as memory aids, as well as creating them (p. 3). In other city states, including Florence, the demands of diplomacy and governance also fostered new techniques of record-keeping.35 Similar processes in Switzerland and the Holy Roman Empire have been investigated by Randolph Head,36 while Arndt Brendecke has analyzed the royal archive of the Spanish Crown founded by Charles V at Simancas in 1540 in response to the Comuneros Revolt of 15201, during which many valuable charters were lost. The work of historians of the emerging empires of the early modern world has also been vital in complicating these models. The Oxford divine Edward Bernard, by contrast, invoked it to refer to the deitys most profound creation: Adam, the origine of humanity, the archive of reason and piety, the admirable and admiring possessour of the recent and impolluted world.26 Stretching its meaning in another direction, a mid seventeenth-century guide to rhetoric used it to describe the bosom of a discreet and intimate friend: this too was an Archive, fit to treasure up the greatest secret, and in whose hands I can repose my life.27 In a final example, the learned Swiss physician Thophile Bonet deployed it in his guide to medicine, surgery and diet as a striking metaphor for an essential organ of the human body, describing the stomach as the fountain of Digestion and Archive of life.28. 24 William Austin, Epiloimia Epe, or, the Anatomy of the Pestilence A Poem in Three Parts (London, 1666), 86. It is not surprising that such information with its own dedicated course or inclusion in library and archives curriculum is rare, as most might assume to find the topic covered by history or archaeology departments instead. (eds. 58 Harold Love, Scribal Publication in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford, 1993); Franois Weil, La function du manuscript par rapport limprim, in Franois Moureau (ed. The earliest accounting records were found over 7,000 years ago among the ruins of Ancient Mesopotamia. 67 Elizabeth Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change: Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early-Modern Europe, 2 vols. The subtle strategies of omission, selection and massage of evidence Foxe employed have shaped understanding of the English Reformation in both overt and insidious ways. ), Book Production and Publishing in Britain 13751475 (Cambridge, 1989). A3v. The third group of essays focuses on practices of collection and compilation and illustrates their role in controlling and organizing knowledge. Catholic history and hagiography must be read in similar ways. Thankfully, guidance for the revised EYFS has been simplified and providers should now feel liberated to implement what they feel is right for the children in their care. ), Archival Knowledge Cultures in Europe, 14001900, Archival Science, x, 3 (2010); Filippo de Vivo, Andrea Guldi and Alessandro Silvestri (eds. ), Praktiken der Frhen Neuzeit (Cologne, 2015), esp. 132 Daniel Woolf, Afterword: Shadows of the Past in Early Modern England, Huntington Library Quarterly, lxxvi (2013), 644. Recordkeeping and reporting systems underscore the importance of building and maintaining institutional memory through well-designed reports and effective recordkeeping activities. This ethos of invisible custodianship underpinned the official repositories that grew up as an arm of the modern bureaucratic state and gave birth to a new class of civil servants. If a program uses a web-based data system to maintain child records, the program must ensure such child records are adequately protected and maintained according to current industry security standards. 81 Marjorie Swann, Curiosities and Texts: The Culture of Collecting in Early Modern England (Philadelphia, 2001), 8. 1302.46 Family support services for health, nutrition, and mental health. These 'learning journeys' metamorphosed into holistic records of progress. 1303.44 Applications to purchase, construct, and renovate facilities. 88 James Simpson, Under the Hammer: Iconoclasm in the Anglo-American Tradition (Oxford, 2010). 146 Laura Gowing, Domestic Dangers: Women, Words and Sex in Early Modern London (Oxford, 1996), 42 and ch. 69 See Adrian Johns, The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making (Chicago, 1998), esp. They are not static arsenals of information, but sites in which a variety of contemporary and later actors have exercised and negotiated agency, identity and power.4 Simultaneously, close investigation of the nature and genesis of the records that comprise these collections has gained perceptible momentum. Record keeping All employers must keep a record of any reportable injury, an injury that leaves a worker incapacitated for over three days, disease, or dangerous occurrence. They have served for too long to occlude the subjectivity of the archive itself.3. 48 John-Paul A. Ghobrial, The Whispers of Cities: Information Flows in Istanbul, London, and Paris in the Age of William Trumbull (Oxford, 2013). 28 Theophile Bonet, A Guide to the Practical Physician (London, 1686), 689. 17 On these overlaps, see Michael Riordan, The Kings Library of Manuscripts: The State Paper Office as Archive and Library, Information and Culture, xlviii (2013). 1302 Subpart EFamily and Community Engagement Program Services. We view observing, assessing and recording as a holistic cycle that allows us to reflect on the planned curriculum and children's interests, maps children's progress, and . They pay attention to the materiality of the objects and spaces they study (to parchment and paper, ink and paint, boxes and buildings) and to the symbolic and non-literate uses of writing.147 Emphasizing process over product, they show that records and archives have histories, itineraries, biographies and social lives of their own.148. Originally, a 'learning journey' was an educational term developed many years ago by primary teachers to describe the early experiences of young children and the impact of teaching in their first years at school. 1304.11 Basis for determining whether a Head Start agency will be subject to an open competition. It is also telling that in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the word keep meant to retain in the memory and to remember.30 It referred to the manner in which information and knowledge became secured in the human mind. ), Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia (Philadelphia, 1993); Arjun Appadurai (ed. Often incorporating other miscellaneous information including births, marriages and deaths, these manuscripts simultaneously functioned as memorials of dead relatives and lost loved ones.112, These types of manuscript illustrate the need to situate record-keeping on a continuum with life-writing. How long should I keep records? Embedded in early modern dictionaries such as Thomas Blounts Glossographia published in 1661 and Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond dAlemberts Encyclopdie of 1751, this definition reflected its Greek etymology: its origins are in arkheion, a term denoting the residence of the superior magistrates and governors of a city, territory, polity or state.14 Record similarly had a particular judicial and official resonance and ring: it referred to writings deliberately preserved for legal purposes as precedents and forms of proof, and to establish matters of fact.15 Yet both were also used in a more expansive sense: they were deployed interchangeably with other types of depository and document in which information, knowledge and memory were stored, including libraries and museums and the collections of manuscripts, books, maps and objects that comprised them.16, Enshrined in the separation of the Archives Nationales and the Bibliothque Nationale effected by the French Revolution and replicated in Britain in the guise of the Public Record Office and the British Museum, the sharp distinction between an archive and a library between places for keeping items relevant to government and those relevant to scholarship and heritage does not capture the organic and dynamic character of record-keeping between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. 127 See Alexandra Walsham, Recording Superstition in Early Modern Britain: The Origins of Folklore, in S. A. Smith and Alan Knight (eds. 04002826. 1303 Subpart DDelegation of Program Operations. D3v (I wil striue with mine owne vertue, to archive that, which the Horoscopus doth promise me.). 74 See Noah Millstone, Manuscript Circulation and the Invention of Politics in Early Stuart England (Cambridge, 2016); Jason Peacey, Print and Public Politics in the English Revolution (Cambridge, 2013), esp. 41 Mike Braddick, State Formation in Early Modern England, c.15501700 (Cambridge, 2000); Eddie Higgs, The Information State in England: The Central Collection of Information on Citizens since 1500 (Basingstoke, 2004), ch. They began to be used more and more widely by early years advisory teachers, employed by local authorities, who worked across the maintained and the private, voluntary and independent sector. This Past and Present Supplement must be situated in the context of a cluster of important historiographical developments. In England, for instance, Robert Cottons personal library was accessible to scholars and statesmen alike and included much material that pertained to the state and indeed was purloined from it; it also served as an arsenal of ammunition with which to challenge political privileges, including the royal prerogative.17 The collections gathered by the architect of the official archive of ancien regime France, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, were equally eclectic and fed into both of the new institutions created by the famous statute of 7 messidor an II (25 June 1794).18. A Practical Guide to Record Keeping and Retention Periods This practice guide provides guidance on the legal and recommended retention periods for records kept by Early Years and Childcare Settings. Alongside the writing of ecclesiastical histories such as those by Matthias Flacius Illyricus and the Magdeburg Centurians, one manifestation of the resurgence of sacred history was the creation of archives, both virtual and physical.134 Martyrologies such as John Foxes Actes and Monuments straddled the boundary between a body of interpretation and a compilation of original documents designed to prove the veracity of his account. Record-Making and Record-Keeping in Early Societies provides a useful discussion of the role and use of . 134 See Van Liere, Ditchfield and Louthan (eds. Panicking is not an option when the delivery of your service is in your hands. Records and archives functioned not merely as muniments, but also as monuments and memorials that bore witness to the presence of historical consciousness and of an impulse to preserve the past for the future.19 They must be situated on a linguistic and conceptual spectrum with other kinds of repositories with which they overlapped, including treasuries, shrines, museums and cabinets of curiosities. ), Histories of Scientific Observation (Chicago, 2011). 148 See Stoler, Along the Archival Grain, 1; Nicholas Dirks, Colonial Histories and Native Informants: Biography of an Archive, in Carol Buckeridge and Peter van der Veer (eds. Not having employment references dated and signed with full name and . 1303.32 Evaluations and corrective actions for delegate agencies. At the time, primary and secondary schools were using a range of systems to describe children's personal and academic success. ), Archive Stories. 34354. Classical archival theory distinguishes between the two very precisely. The volume also situates the early modern record-keeping practices it describes in the context of 'the broader ecologies of writing, paperwork and print' that surround them . Missing information on the child record form such as the dates of immunisations or permissions. He posits that the study of early record-making/keeping has often led archives professionals to make unsustainable comparisons between early societies and modern methods (p. 169). ch. Their survival in large numbers also reflects the fact that they were collaborative creations frequently transmitted along matrilineal lines as heirlooms and augmented by later family members. 3 Terry Cook, The Archive(s) is a Foreign Country: Historians, Archivists and the Changing Archival Landscape, American Archivist, lxxiv (2011); Francis X. Blouin and William G. Rosenberg, Processing the Past: Contesting Authority in History and the Archives (Oxford, 2011) issues another call to bridge the divide between historians and archivists; see also pp. Samples of your student's schoolwork. Over the last two decades historians, anthropologists, literary critics and archival scientists have begun to engage in stimulating cross-disciplinary conversations. 115 Judith Pollmann, Religious Choice in the Dutch Republic: The Reformation of Arnoldus Buchelius, 15651641 (Manchester, 1999). Yeo explores evidence for the transition from communal ownership to a concept of private property in some early societies and argues that records helped facilitate this transition. For some other important contributions, see Eric Ketelaar, The Archival Image: Critical Essays (Hilversum, 1997); Carolyn Hamilton et al. The tools and finding aids that emerged from these experiments included practices of note-taking, excerpting and cross-referencing that are still critical to academic practice today.104 Among the humanist scholars who have left substantial traces of their working methods are Guillaume Bud, Joseph Scaliger, Conrad Gesner and the German professor of medicine and natural philosophy Joachim Jungius. After providing extensive summaries of the evidence for records and writing in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, the Aegean, and the Americas, Yeo discusses records and their social context, noting that the societies he focuses on in chapters 3 and 4 are often described as states. He acknowledges to the reader that these states are characterized by social stratification, division of labor, and also the appropriation of resources by ruling elites (p. 85). Daily notes and cumulative summaries are the basis for . 1303.21 Program procedures applicable confidentiality provisions. 1302.45 Child mental health and social and emotional well-being. other records. ), Focus: The History of Archives and the History of Science, Isis, cvii (2016). Under new guidance, how will practitioners devise meaningful systems of assessment and record-keeping that track children's progress from birth to five years? 25 Charles Wolseley, The Reasonableness of Scripture-Belief (London, 1672), 280. 145 John Arnold, Inquisition and Power: Catharism and the Confessing Subject (Philadelphia, 2001); David Sabean, Peasant Voices and Bureaucratic Texts: Narrative Structure in Early Modern German Protocols, in Peter Becker and William Clark (eds. Sites of self-fashioning that serve to reinforce or undermine dominant categories, they are themselves modes of subjectivity.81, The public and private libraries and museums founded in the early modern period reflect the insatiable itch for accumulating manuscripts, books, scientific specimens and exquisitely crafted artefacts that underpinned the culture of curiosity that emerged in this era.82 The most imposing monument to this impulse in Habsburg Spain was Philip IIs Escorial, which housed thousands of ancient texts alongside modern humanist classics and his massive collection of relics.83 In Italy too the instincts to possess the past and to possess nature developed in tandem with each other.84 In Protestant Europe, libraries evolved in distinctive ways as a consequence of the Reformation. On the paper revolution, see R. J. Lyall, Materials: The Paper Revolution, in Jeremy Griffiths and Derek Pearsall (eds. Jahrhundert (Ostfilden, 2005). 36 Randolph C. Head, Mirroring Governance: Archives, Inventories and Political Knowledge in Early Modern Switzerland and Europe, Archival Science, vii (2007).
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