It suffered a large number of desertions in this latter part. His senior military leadership unanimously opposed the action because Italy was unprepared. Finland maintained command of its armed forces and pursued war objectives independently of Germany. The Japanese also fought skirmishes with SovietMongolian forces in Manchukuo in 1938 and 1939. Why did Italy do this? Germany was now freed from the risk of war with the Soviets, and was assured a supply of oil. With the exception of Germany and Italy, Romania was the only country where a Fascist movement came to power without foreign assistance. On learning of GermanJapanese negotiations, Italy also began to take an interest in forming an alliance with Japan. He sued for peace with Germany and on 22 June 1940, the French government concluded an armistice with Hitler and Mussolini, which came into effect at midnight on 25 June. The relationship between Finland and Germany was also affected by the Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement, which was presented as a German condition for help with munitions and air support, as the Soviet offensive coordinated with D-Day threatened Finland with complete occupation. Granted, Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939 triggered declarations of war from France and the United Kingdom, formally starting World War II. In some cases these bilateral agreements were formalised, in other cases it was less formal. The Axis Powers was the alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II. [131][132] Finland's relative independence from Germany put it in the most advantageous position of all the minor Axis powers. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Maurizio Brescia, Seaforth Publishing, Sep 30, 2012. King Ssavngvong was detained by the Japanese, and forced to issue a declaration of independence, albeit one that does not appear to have ever been formalised. [21], Hitler attempted to break the impasse with Italy over Austria by sending Hermann Gring to negotiate with Mussolini in 1933 to convince Mussolini to press Austria to appoint Austrian Nazis to the government. By 1945 the Emperor of Japan was more than a symbolic leader; he played a major role in devising a strategy to keep himself on the throne.[84]. [143] Falangists also supported Spanish colonial acquisition of the Tangier International Zone, French Morocco and northwestern French Algeria. [12] Italian foreign minister Dino Grandi in the early 1930s stressed the importance of "decisive weight", involving Italy's relations between France and Germany, in which he recognized that Italy was not yet a major power, but perceived that Italy did have strong enough influence to alter the political situation in Europe by placing the weight of its support onto one side or another, and sought to balance relations between the three. Serbia became the second country in Europe, following Estonia, to be proclaimed Judenfrei (free of Jews). Initially the Ustae had been heavily influenced by Italy. They also invaded Malaya and Hong Kong. v t e The Triple Alliance was a military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. The Ba Maw government mobilised Burmese society during the war to support the Axis war-effort.[152]. The Allies described the wartime military alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire as the 'Central Powers'. Austria was part of Nazi Germany from 13 March 1938 (an event known as the Anschluss) until 27 April 1945, when Allied-controlled Austria declared independence from Nazi Germany.. Nazi Germany's troops entering Austria in 1938 received the enthusiastic support of most of the population. ARTICLE 2. In March 1945, Szlasi fled to Germany as the leader of a government in exile, until the surrender of Germany in May 1945. [90] Overall, Hungarian Jews suffered close to 560,000 casualties.[91]. [139] Despite Finnish resistance, a peace treaty was signed in March 1940, wherein Finland ceded some key territory to the Soviet Union, including the Karelian Isthmus, containing Finland's second-largest city, Viipuri, and the critical defensive structure of the Mannerheim Line. [110] British historian Dennis Deletant has asserted that Romania's crucial contributions to the Axis war effort, including having the third largest Axis army in Europe and sustaining the German war effort through oil and other materiel, meant that it was "on a par with Italy as a principal ally of Germany and not in the category of a minor Axis satellite". The Royal Danish Navy scuttled 32 of its larger ships; Germany seized 64 ships and later raised and refitted 15 of the sunken vessels. While part of Yugoslavia, many Croatian nationalists violently opposed the Serb-dominated Yugoslav monarchy, and assassinated Alexander I of Yugoslavia, together with the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization. The Axis powers,[nb 1] originally called the RomeBerlin Axis,[1] was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies. The Thais and Japanese agreed that the Burmese Shan State and Karenni State were to be under Thai control. In 1941 Danish Nazis set up the Frikorps Danmark. Other countriesincluding the United States after its entry on April 6, 1917that were arrayed against the Central Powers were called Associated Powers, not Allied powers; U.S. Pres. Peter D. Stachura. [41], Italy and Japan lacked industrial capacity; their economies were small, dependent on international trade, external sources of fuel and other industrial resources. More and more colonies abandoned Vichy, joining the Free French territories of French Equatorial Africa, Polynesia, New Caledonia and others who had sided with de Gaulle from the start. [69] As a result of Italy's economic difficulties its soldiers were poorly paid, often being poorly equipped and poorly supplied, and animosity arose between soldiers and class-conscious officers; these contributed to low morale amongst Italian soldiers. Interest in Germany and Japan in forming an alliance began when Japanese diplomat Oshima Hiroshi visited Joachim von Ribbentrop in Berlin in 1935. In 1923 the French occupied the Ruhr region when Germany defaulted on its reparations payments. As German troops invaded and occupied more and more territory in Europe, the Soviet Union, and North Africa, the regime's racial and antisemitic policies became more radical, moving from persecution to genocide. Unlike other Axis powers, Yugoslavia was not obliged to provide military assistance, nor to provide its territory for Axis to move military forces during the war. Neither did Hitler accept that France could ever become a full military partner,[176] and constantly prevented the buildup of Vichy's military strength. British and Free French forces attacked later Syria and Lebanon in JuneJuly 1941, and in 1942 Allied forces took over French Madagascar. [58] Germany's invasion of its part of Poland under the Pact eight days later[59] triggered the beginning of World War II. Germany and Italy recognize and respect the leadership of Japan in the establishment of a new order in Greater East Asia. [35] In ideological terms, the Axis described their goals as breaking the hegemony of the plutocratic Western powers and defending civilization from Communism. Reichskommissariats were established in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Norway, designated as places the "Germanic" populations of which were to be incorporated into the planned Greater Germanic Reich. [45] The German government also justified its actions by claiming that Germany inevitably needed to territorially expand because it was facing an overpopulation crisis that Hitler described: "We are overpopulated and cannot feed ourselves from our own resources". With the advance of British and Indian forces on Baghdad, Iraqi military resistance ended by 31 May 1941. Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini formed the Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana in Italian) on 23 September 1943, succeeding the Kingdom of Italy as a member of the Axis. In 19351936 Italy invaded and annexed Ethiopia and the Fascist government proclaimed the creation of the "Italian Empire". [115] Romania also captured 496 Italians, mostly naval personnel (2 of them later died). [86] Commander of the Combined Fleet Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto was outspoken in his opposition, especially after the signing of the Tripartite Pact, saying on 14 October 1940: "To fight the United States is like fighting the whole world. [202] Plans for Rainbow Five had been published by the press early in December 1941,[203] and Hitler could no longer ignore the amount of economic and military aid the US was giving Britain and the USSR. Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions the Changed the World, 19401941 New York: Penguin, 2007. pp. On 1 September, barely a week after the pact had been signed, Germany invaded Poland. Despite this, the Paris Peace Treaty treated Bulgaria as one of the defeated countries. Japan had initiated its policy of military conquest by invading Chinese Manchuria in September 1931. pp. In December 1940, as relations with the British worsened, Rashid Ali formally requested weapons and military supplies from Germany. War was never declared between Finland and the United States, though relations were severed between the two countries in 1944 as a result of the Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement. [42], Romania's oil gave the country a disproportionate importance in the global conflict. p. 10. [23] Galeazzo Ciano told the press that the two leaders had made a "gentleman's agreement" to avoid interfering in Austria. Tom Gallagher, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2005. He was sure that an alliance with Germany would lead to Italy becoming more powerful throughout Europe. "Anschluss" is a German word that means "connection" or "joining.". [52] Poland rejected Germany's demands and Germany in response prepared a general mobilization on the morning of 30 August 1939. [82] This threat of retaliation by Japan to the total trade embargo by the United States was known by the American government, including American Secretary of State Cordell Hull who was negotiating with the Japanese to avoid a war, fearing that the total embargo would pre-empt a Japanese attack on the Dutch East Indies.[83]. However, crushing defeats at the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Kursk devastated the German armed forces. In June 1944, Phibun was overthrown in a coup d'tat. Hitler's directive to the troops on 10 October had stated that "it is necessary to avoid even the slightest semblance of military occupation of Romania". This resulted in Finland being drawn closer to Germany, first with the intent of enlisting German support as a counterweight to thwart continuing Soviet pressure, and later to help regain lost territories. After this, the Bulgarian army (as part of the Red Army's 3rd Ukrainian Front) fought the Germans in Yugoslavia and Hungary, sustaining numerous casualties. Thousands of volunteers fought and many died as part of the German Army on the Eastern Front. [199] Italy also declared war on the US. Austria: Maps By annexing Austria, the Nazis violated the Treaty of Versailles and the Treaty of Saint-Germain. After the surrender of the Filipino and American forces in Bataan Peninsula and Corregidor Island, the Japanese established a puppet state in the Philippines in 1942. The historian Robert Citino, in his books Death of the Wehrmacht, The Wehrmacht Retreats, and The Wehrmacht's Last Stand, makes some pretty good points that it was actually Germany who was the worse ally of the Axis in WW2, and that it was being a bad partner was actually a long standing tradition of Germany and Prussia beforehand, who never . Romanian troops then fought alongside the Soviet Army until the end of the war, reaching as far as Czechoslovakia and Austria. Chen had little influence; the real power behind the regime was Zhou Fohai, the mayor of Shanghai. In September 1943 the guerrillas moved to take the capital of Tirana, but German paratroopers dropped into the city. Only hours after the invasion, Prime Minister Field Marshal Phibunsongkhram ordered the cessation of resistance against the Japanese. [185] Albania was completely liberated on November 29, 1944. It was led by Subhas Chandra Bose, an Indian nationalist who rejected Mahatma Gandhi's nonviolent methods for achieving independence. Top image: US Servicemembers take cover on a beach at Paestum, south of Salerno, September 9, 1943. Prior to the invasion and annexation of Ethiopia into this united colony in 1936, Italy had two colonies, Eritrea and Somalia since the 1880s. In contrast to the Allies,[4] there were no three-way summit meetings, and cooperation and coordination were minimal; on occasion, the interests of the major Axis powers were even at variance with each other. Over 500,000 soldiers served on the Eastern Front. Six years later, in July 1937, Japan invaded China proper to unleash World War II in Asia. Stephen J. Lee. [124][125] 13 warships escaped to Sweden and formed a Danish naval flotilla in exile. Relations between Germany and the regency of Mikls Horthy collapsed in 1944 when Horthy attempted to negotiate a peace agreement with the Soviets and jump out of the war without German approval. ARTICLE 3. The three principal partners in what was eventually referred to as the Axis alliance were Germany, Italy, and Japan.These countries were led by German dictator Adolf Hitler, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, and Japanese Emperor Hirohito. [63] As tensions between Italy and France grew, Hitler made a major speech on 30 January 1939 in which he promised German military support in the case of an unprovoked war against Italy. Its principal members were Nazi Germany, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan. 1 / 13 Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by keke-7557 sorry if i missed any questions Terms in this set (13) The Triple Alliance was made up of Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary. Approximately 14,500 Serbian Jews 90 percent of Serbia's Jewish population of 16,000 were murdered in World War II. [101] Having secured Hitler's approval in January 1941, Antonescu ousted the Iron Guard from power. The Empire of Japan created a number of client states in the areas occupied by its military, beginning with the creation of Manchukuo in 1932. Thailand also returned the portions of British Burma and French Indochina that had been annexed. During the 1930s, because of traditional right-wing elements, Bulgaria drew closer to Nazi Germany. Slovakia declared war on the Soviet Union in 1941 and signed the revived Anti-Comintern Pact in 1941. [104] Romania re-captured Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina during Operation Munchen before conquering further Soviet territory and establishing the Transnistria Governorate. That same year Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany formed the Axis alliance, shortly after Italy completed its brutal and successful conquest of Ethiopia. They had to accept "protection by the Reich" and the stationing of German forces in exchange for nominal independence. The name referred to the geographical location of the two original members of the alliance, Germany and Austria-Hungary, in central Europe. [179], Anti-British sentiments were widespread in Iraq prior to 1941. When World War I began in July 1914, Italy was a partner in the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary, but decided to remain neutral. Some countries signed the Anti-Comintern Pact but not the Tripartite Pact. [26] Hitler responded by both denying Nazi responsibility for the assassination and issuing orders to dissolve all ties between the German Nazi Party and its Austrian branch, which Germany claimed was responsible for the political crisis.[27]. [15][16], In 1933, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party came to power in Germany. In 1944, Romania had also gained access to certain Wunderwaffen, such as the Werfer-Granate 21. After the Italian armistice, the Italian occupation zone was taken over by the German armed forces, who remained in charge of the country until their withdrawal in autumn 1944. [46] Thus expansion was justified as an inevitable necessity to provide lebensraum ("living space") for the German nation and end the country's overpopulation within existing confined territory, and provide resources necessary to its people's well-being. "The Axis" and "Rome-Berlin Axis" redirect here. The loss of Romania's oil - following the country's defection from the Axis in August 1944 - resulted in Hitler's first admission that the war was lost. In World War II the chief Allied powers were Great Britain, France (except during the German occupation, 194044), the Soviet Union (after its entry in June 1941), the United States (after its entry on December 8, 1941), and China. He was granted amnesty by President Manuel Roxas, and remained active in politics, ultimately winning a seat in the post-war Senate. The Free Thai Movement ("Seri Thai") was established during these first few months. A number of pro-German Hungarians retreated to Italy and Germany, where they fought until the end of the war. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the Bulgarian government declared war on the Western Allies. He was proclaimed the Emperor of Manchukuo a year later. Forces loyal to Ptain fired on de Gaulle and repulsed the attack after two days of heavy fighting, drawing Vichy France closer to Germany. The Nazis also aimed to occupy and colonize non-German territories in Poland, the Baltic states, and the Soviet Union, as part of the Nazi policy of seeking Lebensraum ("living space") in Central and Eastern Europe. Prior to the German occupation within the area of Hungary around 63,000 Jews perished. Czech civil institutions were preserved but the Protectorate was considered within the sovereign territory of Germany. Japan created Mengjiang to exploit tensions between ethnic Mongolians and the central government of China, which in theory ruled Inner Mongolia. The Inner Mongolians had several grievances against the central Chinese government in Nanjing, including their policy of allowing unlimited migration of Han Chinese to the region. The Kingdom of Bulgaria was ruled by sar Boris III when it signed the Tripartite Pact on 1 March 1941. William Young. This event is known as the Anschluss. When the King of Italy ousted Mussolini from power and Italy capitulated, the NDH became completely under German influence. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczestwa w Polsce Intelligenzaktion Instytut Pamici Narodowej, IPN 2009. Horthy was forced to abdicate after German commandos, led by Colonel Otto Skorzeny, held his son hostage as part of Operation Panzerfaust. Japan recognizes and respects the leadership of Germany and Italy in the establishment of a new order in Europe. Son Ngoc Thanh who had fled to Japan in 1942 returned in May and was appointed foreign minister. [68] The Government of National Salvation, also referred to as the Nedi regime, was the second Serbian puppet government, after the Commissioner Government, established on the Territory of the (German) Military Commander in Serbia[nb 2] during World War II. The discussions concluded that Germans still wanted a war of revenge against France but were short on weapons and hoped that Italy could assist Germany. [24], Several weeks after the Venice meeting, on 25 July 1934, Austrian Nazis assassinated Dollfuss. German-led Army Group South Ukraine could not take major operational decisions without securing Ion Antonescu's approval, even as late as 22 August 1944 (the day before he was dismissed). The worsening situation for Japan from 1943 onwards meant that the Nanjing Army was given a more substantial role in the defence of occupied China than the Japanese had initially envisaged. From March 1944, Germany also contributed to the design and construction of the M-05 and M-06 prototypes of the Mareal tank destroyer: Alkett contributed to the Romanian design team and Telefunken radios along with Bhler armor were provided. Winston Churchill commented that "Yugoslavia has found its soul"; however, Hitler invaded and quickly took control. Fraser. German propaganda trumpeted these attacks as an absolute betrayal of the French people by their former allies. B. the formation of an alliance system that pitted Germany, Austria, and Italy against Great Britain, France, and Russia. Corrections? These and other export goods transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories allowed Germany to circumvent the British naval blockade. In some Aegean islands, German garrisons were left behind, and surrendered only after the end of the war. On 25 March 1941, fearing that Yugoslavia would be invaded otherwise, the Yugoslav government signed the Tripartite Pact with significant reservations. [73] Germany's insolence towards Italy as an ally was demonstrated that year when Italy was pressured to send 350,000 "guest workers" to Germany who were used as forced labour. Both the LVF and the Division Charlemagne fought on the eastern front. In retaliation, the Soviet Union launched a major air offensive against Finnish Air Force bases and towns, which resulted in a Finnish declaration of war against the Soviet Union on 25 June 1941. Routledge, 1996. p. 97. Log in for more information. [9] At the time, he was seeking an alliance with the Weimar Republic against Yugoslavia and France in the dispute over the Free State of Fiume. However, the United States instituted an embargo against Japan in 1941 because of the continuing war in China. On May 23, 1915, Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary, entering World War I on the side of the AlliesBritain, France and Russia. Franco had previously won the Spanish Civil War with the help of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Mussolini Unleashed, 19391941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War. So I will fight the best I can. More than 30 countries participated in World War II. In October and November 1940, GermanSoviet talks about the potential of joining the Axis took place in Berlin. Soon after, Emperor Bo i voided the 1884 treaty with France and Trn Trng Kim, a historian, became prime minister. The United Kingdom (excluding its colonies) had a population of 47.5million and France (excluding its colonies) 42million. [18] Hitler was aware that Italy held concerns over potential German land claims on South Tyrol, and assured Mussolini that Germany was not interested in South Tyrol. This alliance dates to the October 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis laid out in a speech by Benito Mussolini of . In April 1941 the Arab nationalist Rashd Al al-Gayln, who was pro-Axis, seized power in Iraq. Duce Benito Mussolini described Italy's declaration of war against the Western Allies of Britain and France in June 1940 as the following: "We are going to war against the plutocratic and reactionary democracies of the West who have invariably hindered the progress and often threatened the very existence of the Italian people". On Oct. 13, 1943, one month after Italy surrendered to Allied forces, it declared war on Nazi Germany, its onetime Axis powers partner. Ustae militia were garrisoned in the Balkans, battling the communist partisans. In September 1940, Vichy France was forced to allow Japan to occupy French Indochina, a federation of French colonial possessions and protectorates encompassing modern day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. [37] Thus the Allied powers outnumbered the Axis powers by 2.7 to 1. [39] The GDP of the Allied powers was $1,798billion. Parts of the former Yugoslavia were annexed to Hungary; the United Kingdom immediately broke off diplomatic relations in response. The Axis powers, [nb 1] originally called the Rome-Berlin Axis, [1] was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies. (Show more) Major Events: Cowra breakout atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Battle of Saipan Battle of Moscow Invasion of Poland . Throughout World War II, 950,000 Austrians fought for the Nazi German armed forces. Slovakia invaded Poland alongside German forces, contributing 50,000 men at this stage of the war. [60] Italy condemned the Western powers for enacting sanctions on Italy in 1935 for its actions in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War that Italy claimed was a response to an act of Ethiopian aggression against tribesmen in Italian Eritrea in the Walwal incident of 1934. Hostilities between the Iraqi and British forces began on 2 May 1941, with heavy fighting at the RAF air base in Habbaniyah. In 1940 Japan responded to the German invasion of France by occupying northern French Indochina. [170][173] Reasons included the Nazi ideologies of Lebensraum and Heim ins Reich[174]. After the Italian armistice, a vacuum of power opened up in Albania. The war began when Nazi Germany invaded Poland in 1939 and raged across the globe until 1945, when Japan surrendered to the United States after atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 3031. [30] Due to its supportive stance towards Germany and the new efforts in the international policy, Hungary gained favourable territorial settlements by the First Vienna Award, after the breakup of Czechoslovakia occupied and annexed the remainder of Carpathian Ruthenia and in 1940 received Northern Transylvania from Romania via the Second Vienna Award. Stutthof. The pact was subsequently joined by Hungary (20 November 1940), Romania (23 November 1940), Slovakia (24 November 1940), and Bulgaria (1 March 1941). The vast majority of the Hungarians desired to recover former territories of the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen lost through the Treaty of Trianon. The new Slovak State allied itself with Germany. [6], Under Antonescu Romania was a fascist dictatorship and a totalitarian state. Arrows show planned movements to an agreed demarcation line at 70 E, which was, however, never approximated. Declarations of neutrality must be ignored". On 10 July 1940, Ptain was given emergency "full powers" by a majority vote of the French National Assembly. [178] However, Rashid Ali was never able to conclude a formal alliance with the Axis. Manchukuo signed the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1939, but never signed the Tripartite Pact. The Axis grew out of successive diplomatic efforts by Germany, Italy, and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s. Denmark sold agricultural and industrial products to Germany and made loans for armaments and fortifications. [204], Hitler declaring war on the United States on 11 December 1941. The General Government was the name given to the territories of occupied Poland that were not directly annexed into German provinces, but like Bohemia and Moravia was considered within the sovereign territory of Germany by the Nazi authorities. Later, Romanian mountain troops joined the German campaign in the Caucasus, reaching as far as Nalchik. Slovakia had been closely aligned with Germany almost immediately from its declaration of independence from Czechoslovakia on 14 March 1939. The Bulgarian Navy was nonetheless involved in a number of skirmishes with the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, which attacked Bulgarian shipping. According to Wilhelm Filderman at least 150,000 Jews of Bessarabia and Bukovina, died under the Antonescu regime (both those deported and those who remained). The Shaping of the Nazi State. In April 1941 Rashid Ali, on seizing power in a coup, repudiated the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 and demanded that the British abandon their military bases and withdraw from the country. The Thai ambassador to the United States, Mom Rajawongse Seni Pramoj, did not deliver his copy of the declaration of war. In March 1945, in order to gain local support, the Japanese dissolved French colonial rule and pressured Cambodia to declare independence within the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Updated 5/27/2018 4:45:42 PM. As in the case of the Allies, membership in the Axis was fluid, with some nations switching sides or changing their degree of military involvement over the course of the war. To isolate the US forces stationed in the Philippines and to reduce US naval power, the Imperial General Headquarters ordered an attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on 7 December 1941. [54] In a conference with Germany's military leaders on 23 November 1939, Hitler declared to the military leaders that "We have an Achilles heel, the Ruhr", and said that "If England and France push through Belgium and Holland into the Ruhr, we shall be in the greatest danger", and thus claimed that Belgium and the Netherlands had to be occupied by Germany to protect Germany from a British-French offensive against the Ruhr, irrespective of their claims to neutrality. Relations between Germany and Italy recovered due to Hitler's support of Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935, while other countries condemned the invasion and advocated sanctions against Italy. [34], The Axis powers' primary goal was territorial expansion at the expense of their neighbors. The pressure of the reparations on the German economy led to hyperinflation during the early 1920s. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [12], Since the 1920s Italy had identified the year 1935 as a crucial date for preparing for a war against France, as 1935 was the year when Germany's obligations under the Treaty of Versailles were scheduled to expire.
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