For example, some groups such as the Salafi movement and al Wahdah al Islamiyah in Indonesia campaign against local traditions and push for the Muslims to relinquish traditions that are perceived as not taught by the prophet (Salman, 2017). Religious conflict includes intolerance of other religions and discrimination against members of other religions, religious war, intellectual conflict and conflict between church and state. Asian J. Soc. Such an exploration may well lead to the conclusion that the political dimension is the most important dimension to explain violent behavior and that the other three proposed dimensions (e.g., theological, social, and ritual) are less relevant. Sci. Which quickly snowballed into hate. Nevertheless, as noted above, political beliefs and actions have been the primary focus of religious extremism as defined by scholars (e.g., Webber et al., 2017). Updated: August 21, 2018 | Original: November 9, 2009. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2. The Crusades were a time in Europe's history where there was great religious conflict between Muslims and Christians that started in 1096 and ended with the ninth Crusade in 1272. Religion as attachment: normative processes and individual differences. doi: 10.1174/021347409788041408, Johnson, M. C. (2006). In contrast, some other groups of Muslim do not favor or sanction a particular political system, but rather advocate for principles of tolerance and respect in the governance of all political systems. This resulted in a Gordian tangle of alliances as princes and prelates called in foreign powers to aid them. In psychological research, a variety of terms have been used to describe an engagement with religion, such as religiosity (e.g., Gibbs and Crader, 1970; Diener and Clifton, 2002; Paloutzian, 2017), religious fundamentalism (Altemeyer and Hunsberger, 1992; Williamson, 2010; Liht et al., 2011), radicalism, or extremism (e.g., Simon et al., 2013; Webber et al., 2017; Kruglanski et al., 2018). From some Indonesian cases, it seems that the cause of the conflict was a religion that is degraded, and because . However, in other contexts, other dimensions appear to have triggered violence. They believe that political norms should be applied to change the current locally adapted political systems across many Muslim countries. Aging 24, 2334. The reason why their is conflict in the name of Religion is that the People are following secondary religions and assume their secondary religion as their identity! doi: 10.1086/678698. Our purpose in this paper is to illustrate that different dimensions of religion are relevant to understanding religious extremism, and that the four dimensions discussed provide clarity in distinguishing a diversity of extreme vs. moderate presentations in the Indonesian Muslim context. The armies of both sides plundered as they marched, leaving cities, towns, villages, and farms ravaged. Homeland insecurity: How Arab American and Muslim American experience after 9/11. To apply this model in more practical uses, we need to revisit the reason of this multidimensional model development. Today we see such intractable inter-religious wars between Muslims and Jews in Palestine, Hindus and Muslims in south Asia and in many other places. Narcotics, radicalism, and armed conflict in Central Asia: the Islamic movement of Uzbekistan. Today, there are more than 20 million Muslims in Europe. Using the context of Indonesian Muslim groups to explore these ideas, we propose that religiosity in Muslims can be moderate on one dimension and radical/extreme on another. Other more individual-level analyses of extremism operationalize it as endorsement of particular beliefs, such as the duty to engage in violent holy war against the enemy (Webber et al., 2017) or sympathy toward extremist groups and support for their political action (Simon et al., 2013). In May 2023, Frontiers adopted a new reporting platform to be Counter 5 compliant, in line with industry standards. Most notorious among them were the Roman conquests, Muslim invasions and Spanish invasions in Asia, Europe, Africa and Latin America. Ulterior motives cause conflicts, and any ideology - whether it's religious or secular - can be used as a tool to generate dogmatic belief among the masses. Who exactly are radical Muslims?. Leaderless Jihad: Terror networks in the twenty-first century. And this feeling causes ego, if someone says a contradictory statement to their religion. Poland, having been drawn in as a Baltic power coveted by Sweden, pushed its own ambitions by attacking Russia and establishing a dictatorship in Moscow under Wadysaw, Polands future king. Soon, armies for both sides were engaged in brutal warfare on multiple fronts, in present-day Austria and in the east in Transylvania, where Ottoman Empire soldiers fought alongside the Bohemians (in exchange for yearly dues paid to the sultan) against the Poles, who were on the side of the Habsburgs. Conceptions of god, exclusivity, and religious practice in the United States in Religion, spirituality and everyday practice. This radically altered the balance of power in Europe and resulted in reduced influence over political affairs for the Catholic Church, as well as other religious groups. It aims to analyze religion at both a group and individual level, augmenting scholarly understanding of the religious dimensions that may be relevant to enable accurate predictions of violent extremism based on ideological narratives (Kruglanski et al., 2018). Building on this approach, we propose that variation on the theological dimension of extremism is associated with different behaviors to achieve group goals and to show loyalty to the religious group. Psychol. Salman, A. M. B. European far-right parties have been built around Islamophobia, and are deepening this divide. In particular, social extremism in Indonesia is rarely linked to terror campaigns. For example, some religious groups propose to promote sharia laws through democratic governance, other groups reject the current political system by actively campaigning for the imposition of sharia without violence; and finally, still other groups are willing to use violence to destabilize the government (See Ward, 2009; Webber et al., 2017). Findings show that religious differences are a social cleavage more important than linguistic We argue that these tensions can also be better understood by taking account of the way in which moderate vs. more extreme expressions of identity take shape on the four identified dimensions. This accommodation of new practices can often polarize religious adherents into groups who are either open to new influences, or who reject compromises and see them as forbidden innovations. For example, normative beliefs associated with an authoritarian image of God predict more support for capital punishment (Bader and Palmer, 2011). Resolut. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. The Thirty Years War was a series of wars fought by various nations for various reasons, including religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercial rivalries. Extremism and Islamophobia are the two main reason behind this. But ethnic/religious rivalries form the permanent framework within which the political economic and military conflicts can be justifies, inspired and exacerbated at any time for the purposes of territorial conflict, political interests and economic competitions. Thus, the French entered the conflict in 1635. Gerakan salafiyah: Islam, politik, dan rigiditas interpretasi hukum Islam (the Salafi movement: Islam, politic, and the rigidity of the interpretation of Islamic law). Carlucci, L., Tommasi, M., Balsamo, M., Furnham, A., and Saggino, A. Finally, we propose a social dimension that captures the intra- and intergroup relations of the religious group in Indonesia. With or without support for violent means of creating change, the advocacy toward comprehensive sharia law as well as the revival of an Islamic empire reflects a radical agenda to transform the current established political system. Perspect. The social-conflict approach to religion highlights how religion, as a phenomenon of human behavior, maintains social inequality by advancing a worldview that justifies oppression. 14, 6071. Front. He said he regretted allowing Muslim immigrants into Germany. Photograph:(AFP). The Thirty Years War. Newadvent.org. Islam 2, 336378. doi: 10.1080/1369183x.2014.935307, Kruglanski, A., Jasko, K., Webber, D., Chernikova, M., and Molinario, E. (2018). We propose that the present dimensions are important in understanding religious groups perspective in the contemporary Indonesian context. Even though religious extremism is currently a hotly debated topic, it is often reduced to a unidimensional construct that is linked to religious violence. This view holds that the musyawara (political discussions to reach a consensus) should only be used for decisions about particular technical matters, not core principles of social functioning (Nurhayati, 2014). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. doi: 10.15642/JIIS.2008.2.2.336-378, Keywords: radical religion, religion, extremism, religious identity, social identity, Citation: Wibisono S, Louis WR and Jetten J (2019) A Multidimensional Analysis of Religious Extremism. KS3 Is religion a power for peace or does it cause conflict? The treaty of October 24, 1648, comprehended the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand III, the other German princes, France, and Sweden. Religious fundamentalism: an empirically derived construct and measurement scale. A recent meta-analysis by Friedman et al. Uncertainty-identity theory: extreme groups, radical behavior, and authoritarian leadership. Holy places as a. Atheism. 11, 189198. Youth Adolesc. We have argued that extremism on the social dimension is represented by the tendency to blame others for the groups disadvantage and to force compliance to specific in-groups norms. When the contending powers finally met in the German province of Westphalia to end the bloodshed, the balance of power in Europe had been radically changed. However, extremism in the theological dimension may also be related to a narrow interpretation of jihad as a core principle in Islam. As a result, there has been an intense debate concerning the social risk vs. value of religion and its role within the state (Coyle and Lyons, 2011). doi: 10.1177/1088868309349693, Zarkasyi, H. F. (2008). Inq. Arch. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan, Matt Mullen and Christian Zapata. Overall, the struggle was between the Holy Roman Empire, which was Roman Catholic and Habsburg, and a network of Protestant towns and principalities that relied on the chief anti-Catholic powers of Sweden and the United Netherlands, which had at last thrown off the yoke of Spain after a struggle lasting 80 years. Inthisstudywedistinguishbetweentwotypesof'realistic' causesofreligiousconflict:socio-economicandpolitical. Deradicalization or disengagement: a process in need of clarity and a counterterrorism initiative in need of evaluation. In terms of extremism in the theological dimension, notions about an angry God who uses natural disasters punitively are particularly important to tease the different extremist groups apart. 18, 735755. When they confront common enemies (e.g., a group of Muslims or politicians who strongly support Indonesian diversity and oppose the legalization of Islamic law), the salience of their superordinate identity (i.e., as Muslim groups advocating the legalization of Islamic law in Indonesia) may increase, and they may compromise or even integrate. There is evidence that these images of God are consequential. Some groups have very little latitude in how they understand and practice their religious rituals and justify the other practices as forbidden innovation. 14, 108125. In contrast, more moderate members of a religion often attribute the root causes of in-group problems to internal factors such as anti-intellectual biases, geopolitical instability, and corruption (Lackey, 2013). ), TIRTO. 04 November 2009 At the same time it is an experience that will change a person's lifestyle and personality forever.
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