In 1881 the Diskin Orphanage was founded in Jerusalem with the arrival of Jewish children orphaned by a Russian pogrom. . All branches of the Israeli government are located in Jerusalem, including the Knesset (Israel's parliament), the residences of the Prime Minister (Beit Aghion) and President (Beit HaNassi), and the Supreme Court. Since its capture in 1967, the Israeli government has built 12 Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem, with a population amounting to 220,000 Israeli Jewish settlers as of 2019. During the first century, the boundary between Samaria and Judea passed eastward of Antipatris, along the deep valley which had Beth Rima (today's Beit Rima) and Beth Laban (today's Al-Lubban al-Gharbi) on its southern, Judean bank; then it passed Anuath and Borceos, identified by Charles William Wilson (18361905) as the ruins of Aina and Khirbet Berkit; and reached the Jordan Valley north of Acrabbim and Sartaba. In their new book, "Because It's Just And Right: The Untold Back-Story of the US Recognition of Jerusalem as the Capital of Israel and Moving the US Embassy to Jerusalem", Leonard Grunstein and Farley Weiss share the riveting political drama of how the Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995 was first promulgated by Senator Jon Kyl, negotiated and then passed, on a bipartisan basis, by an . The division of Samuel and its succeeding book, Kings (Melakhim), into four separate books first appeared in the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament from the 3rd to 2nd centuries bce. The unemployment rate in Jerusalem (8.3%) is slightly better than the national average (9.0%), although the civilian labour force accounted for less than half of all persons fifteen years or olderlower in comparison to that of Tel Aviv (58.0%) and Haifa (52.4%). For the city, see, Early Muslim, Crusader, Mamluk and Ottoman periods. [27], According to many scholars, archaeological excavations at Mount Gerizim indicate that a Samaritan temple was built there in the first half of the 5th century BCE. The Israel Broadcasting Authority's main office is located in Jerusalem, as well as the TV and radio studios for Israel Radio, Channel 2, Channel 10, and part of the radio studios of BBC News. [276] On 6 December 2017 U.S. President Donald Trump officially recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital and announced his intention to move the American embassy to Jerusalem, reversing decades of United States policy on the issue. Southern Samaria reached a peak in settlement during the early Roman period (63 BCE70 CE), partly as a result of the Hasmonean dynasty's settlement efforts. National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. Congress of Christian Education Held in Louisville, Ky. | Louisville, Kentucky Text. 474, pp. [435] The Jerusalem Film Festival is held annually, screening Israeli and international films. Initially its capital was Tirzah until the time of King Omri (c. 884 BC), who built the city of Samaria and made it his capital. In 1995, the United States Congress passed the Jerusalem Embassy Act, which required, subject to conditions, that its embassy be moved from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. The impact of the JewishRoman wars is archaeologically evident in Jewish-inhabited areas of southern Samaria, as many sites were destroyed and left abandoned for extended periods of time. [188]:589612, In 1517, Jerusalem and its environs fell to the Ottoman Turks, who generally remained in control until 1917. Under the British, new garden suburbs were built in the western and northern parts of the city[204][205] and institutions of higher learning such as the Hebrew University were founded. Most of the air pollution in Jerusalem comes from vehicular traffic. [35][36][37][38], The name "Jerusalem" is variously etymologized to mean "foundation (Semitic yry' 'to found, to lay a cornerstone') of the god Shalem";[39][40] the god Shalem was thus the original tutelary deity of the Bronze Age city. [61], The ancient site of Samaria-Sebaste covers the hillside overlooking the West Bank village of Sebastia on the eastern slope of the hill. [175] Under the terms of surrender, once ransomed, 60,000 Franks were expelled. The Jerusalem Central Bus Station, located on Jaffa Road, is the busiest bus station in Israel. [16][17][18] These foundational events, straddling the dawn of the 1st millennium BCE, assumed central symbolic importance for the Jewish people. [103], When the Assyrians conquered the Kingdom of Israel in 722 BCE, Jerusalem was strengthened by a great influx of refugees from the northern kingdom. Herod the Great, as he was known, devoted himself to developing and beautifying the city. [133][134][135][136][137] The contemporary Jewish historian Josephus wrote that the city "was so thoroughly razed to the ground by those that demolished it to its foundations, that nothing was left that could ever persuade visitors that it had once been a place of habitation. Jerusalem figures prominently in both biblical history and biblical prophecy, and it is currently the focus of much controversy and political wrangling. It was condemned by the Hebrew prophets for its "ivory houses" and luxury palaces displaying pagan riches. [184] Much of the building activity was concentrated around the edges of the Temple Mount or Haram al-Sharif. [67], In 19081935, remains of luxury furniture made of wood and ivory were discovered in Samaria, representing the Levant's most important collection of ivory carvings from the early first millennium BC. 16. This is the northern boundary of Judea.[3]. Supported by: "[268] This indeed took place, and since the beginning of 1950 all branches of the Israeli governmentlegislative, judicial, and executivehave resided there, except for the Ministry of Defense, which is located at HaKirya in Tel Aviv. 1989 The House of Omri. [456], The Jerusalem Marathon, established in 2011, is an international marathon race held annually in Jerusalem in the month of March. According to the New Testament, Jesus was brought to Jerusalem soon after his birth[357] and later in his life cleansed the Second Temple. [53][54] Alternatively, the Amarna letters of Abdi-Heba (1330s BCE), which reference an rualim, may be the earliest mention of the city. Muslims believe that Muhammad was miraculously transported one night from the Great Mosque of Mecca to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, whereupon he ascended to Heaven to meet previous prophets of Islam. [442] While Israel approves and financially supports some Arab cultural activities,[443] Arab Capital of Culture events were banned because they were sponsored by the Palestine National Authority. ", "The Influence of the Muslim Conquest on the Settlement Pattern of Palestine during the Early Muslim Period / - ", "Daftar mufaal niyat Marj Ban mir wa-tawbiih wa-lawiqih allat knat f taarruf al-Amr arah By sanat 945 ah", "Lajjun: Forgotten Provincial Capital in Ottoman Palestine", "The Center for Regional Councils in Israel", "In anti-BDS stand, Hempstead New York signs sister city pact with settler council", "Spurned Samaria: Site of the capital of the Kingdom of Israel blighted by neglect", "Keepers: Israelite Samaritan Identity Since Joshua bin Nun", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samaria&oldid=1162089112, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia with a Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with disputed statements from June 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021, Articles needing additional references from April 2023, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing more viewpoints from April 2023, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, Khirbet Seilun/Tel Shiloh, identified with, Tell el-Far'ah (North), identified with biblical, Tappy, R. E. (2006). [189] The English reference book Modern history or the present state of all nations, written in 1744, stated that "Jerusalem is still reckoned the capital city of Palestine, though much fallen from its ancient grandeaur". He accepted the earlier expeditions findings but changed the terminology to Building Period I (instead of the Palace of Omri) and Building Period II (instead of the Palace of Ahab) (Crowfootet al. The elevation of the Old City is approximately 760m (2,490ft). 1990 Shemers Estate. This word appears only here, its meaning is not fully known, and it has been translated as gutter or tunnel. [420] Arab high school students take the Bagrut matriculation exams, so that much of their curriculum parallels that of other Israeli high schools and includes certain Jewish subjects. Jesus will rule the world from the "throne of David" in Jerusalem [Is 9:6-7, Lk 1:31-33] for the next millennium [Rev 20:4-6]. Most of the meetings of the Jerusalem City Council are private, but each month, it holds a session that is open to the public. The New Testament mentions Samaria in Luke 17:112,[36] in the miraculous healing of the ten lepers, which took place on the border of Samaria and Galilee. [214] Barbed wire and concrete barriers ran down the centre of the city, passing close by Jaffa Gate on the western side of the old walled city, and a crossing point was established at Mandelbaum Gate slightly to the north of the old walled city. [80] Official Israeli government policy mandates that , transliterated as ralm, which is the cognate of the Hebrew and English names, be used as the Arabic language name for the city in conjunction with . Its capital, for the most part, was Samaria (modern Sebastia ). [190], The Ottomans brought many innovations: modern postal systems run by the various consulates and regular stagecoach and carriage services were among the first signs of modernization in the city. [96] The city's inhabitants at this time were Canaanites, who are believed by scholars to have evolved into the Israelites via the development of a distinct Yahweh-centric monotheistic belief system. [199] Until the 1880s there were no formal Jewish orphanages in Jerusalem, as families generally took care of each other. [319] Many main streets in Jerusalem were not built to accommodate such a large volume of traffic, leading to traffic congestion and more carbon monoxide released into the air. [304], Apart from the mayor and his deputies, City Council members receive no salaries and work on a voluntary basis. As of December 6, 2017, the United States has recognized Jerusalem as the official capital of Israel, acknowledging the facts of history but rankling the Muslim world. Since 1967, new Jewish residential areas have mushroomed in the eastern sector, while no new Palestinian neighbourhoods have been created.[236]. In July 1980, Israel passed the Jerusalem Law as Basic Law. The Seleucid attempt to recast Jerusalem as a Hellenized city-state came to a head in 168 BCE with the successful Maccabean revolt of Mattathias and his five sons against Antiochus IV Epiphanes, and their establishment of the Hasmonean Kingdom in 152 BCE with Jerusalem as its capital. The modern Samaritans, however, see themselves as co-equals in inheritance to the Israelite lineage through Torah, as do the Jews, and are not antagonistic to Jews in modern times.[70]. 7 dismembered bodies found outside church in Mexico, Roam Ministry leader Jonathan Frazier fatally shot protecting patron at Orlando banquet hall, Inside the innovative cancer hospital on a mission to save lives, Christians are living in constant fear: UK report highlights religious dimensions of Manipur violence, When a German Lutheran pastor preaches that God is queer, How Gods justice prepares hearts for His mercy, Stigmas dont end with abortion. [14], According to Peace Now, approvals for building in Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem have expanded by 60% under Donald Trump's term as U.S. The Academy of the Hebrew Language are located in the Hebrew university in Givat Ram and the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities located near the Presidents House. According to a Midrash, the name is a combination of two names united by God, Yireh ("the abiding place", the name given by Abraham to the place where he planned to sacrifice his son) and Shalem ("Place of Peace", the name given by high priest Shem). [218] Some scholars argue that the view that Pakistan recognized Jordan's annexation is dubious. [note 5] Modern scholars argue that Jews branched out of the Canaanite peoples and culture through the development of a distin. [358] The Cenacle, believed to be the site of Jesus' Last Supper, is located on Mount Zion in the same building that houses the Tomb of King David. [193], Ottoman rule was reinstated in 1840, but many Egyptian Muslims remained in Jerusalem and Jews from Algiers and North Africa began to settle in the city in growing numbers. [231] In 1966 the Jordanian authorities relocated 500 of them to the Shua'fat refugee camp as part of plans to turn the Jewish quarter into a public park. [269][270] At the time of Ben Gurion's proclamations and the ensuing Knesset vote of 24 January 1950,[270] Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan, and thus the proclamation only applied to West Jerusalem. By Norma Franklin The Zinman Institute of Archaeology University of Haifa September 2013 According to the biblical narrative the northern Kingdom of Israel was founded circa 930 BCE, following the fragmentation of the United Monarchy, which was based in Jerusalem. Jerusalem has been sacred to Judaism for roughly 3000 years, to Christianity for around 2000 years, and to Islam for approximately 1400 years. [11] Since 1860, Jerusalem has grown far beyond the Old City's boundaries. [245], From 1923 until 1948, Jerusalem served as the administrative capital of Mandatory Palestine. Jews venerate it as the site of the two former Temples and Muslims believe that Muhammad was transported from the Great Mosque of Mecca to this location during the Night Journey. [344] In recent years, private Jewish foundations have received permission from the government to develop projects on disputed lands, such as the City of David archaeological site in the 60% Arab neighbourhood of Silwan (adjacent to the Old City),[345] and the Museum of Tolerance on Mamilla Cemetery (adjacent to Zion Square).[344][346]. [434] The station itself has become a venue for cultural events in recent years as the site of Shav'ua Hasefer (an annual week-long book fair) and outdoor music performances. [186] The well-known and far-traveled lexicographer Fairuzabadi (13291414) spent ten years in Jerusalem. 35, Walid Khalidi (1996) Islam, the West and Jerusalem. [382] In April 2015, Time Magazine picked Jerusalem as one of the five emerging tech hubs in the world, proclaiming that "The city has become a flourishing centre for biomed, cleantech, Internet/mobile startups, accelerators, investors and supporting service providers."[383]. Jerusalem in biblical times was a city unlike any other not so much because of any . Between 1838 and 1876, a number of estimates exist which conflict as to whether Jews or Muslims were the largest group during this period, and between 1882 and 1922 estimates conflict as to exactly when Jews became an absolute majority of the population. Unlike public schools, many Haredi schools do not prepare students to take standardized tests. This rough map, which was not meant as an official one, became the final line in the 1949 Armistice Agreements, which divided the city and left Mount Scopus as an Israeli exclave inside East Jerusalem. Therefore. But were these reasons sufficient for choosing the site of Samaria as the national capital? [64], The Harvard excavation of Samaria, which began in 1908, was headed by Egyptologist George Andrew Reisner. [329] Of the Jewish population, 200,000 live in East Jerusalem settlements which are considered illegal under international law. Answer Nineveh is notable in the Bible as the capital city of Assyria, a longtime enemy of Israel. Over the next four hundred years, Jerusalem's prominence diminished as Arab powers in the region vied for control of the city. [365], Jerusalem is the third-holiest city in Sunni Islam. Collins, Larry, and La Pierre, Dominique (1988). [219][220], After 1948, since the old walled city in its entirety was to the east of the armistice line, Jordan was able to take control of all the holy places therein. [208] However, this plan was not implemented, as the 1948 war erupted, while the British withdrew from Palestine and Israel declared its independence. [418] While many schools in the heavily Arab East Jerusalem are filled to capacity and there have been complaints of overcrowding, the Jerusalem Municipality is building over a dozen new schools in the city's Arab neighbourhoods. [81] Palestinian Arab families who hail from this city are often called "Qudsi" or "Maqdisi", while Palestinian Muslim Jerusalemites may use these terms as a demonym.[82]. [285][286][287][288], In April 2017, the Russian Foreign Ministry announced it viewed Western Jerusalem as Israel's capital in the context of UN-approved principles which include the status of East Jerusalem as the capital of the future Palestinian state. Today it is both the central library of the university and the national library of Israel. In the French Hill neighbourhood, Palestinians today constitute one-sixth of the overall population. Following Sassanid Khosrau II's early 7th century push through Syria, his generals Shahrbaraz and Shahin attacked Jerusalem (Persian: Dej Houdkh) aided by the Jews of Palaestina Prima, who had risen up against the Byzantines. No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, culture, religion and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. During the Hellenistic period, Samaria was largely divided between a Hellenizing faction based around the town of Samaria and a pious faction in Shechem and surrounding rural areas, led by the High Priest. [354] As prescribed in the Mishna and codified in the Shulchan Aruch, daily prayers are recited while facing towards Jerusalem and the Temple Mount. His palace was built over a few of those installations, putting them out of action, but the vast majority continued to function during Building Period I for circa 60 years until the city was drastically altered during Building Period II (see Franklin 2004 for a revision of Building Periods I and II). [331] However, due to the large portion of students in Haredi Jewish frameworks, only fifty-five percent of twelfth graders took matriculation exams (Bagrut) and only thirty-seven percent were eligible to graduate. When I started my analysis of the Harvard Expeditions excavation reports and archival material relating to Samaria, I was immediately struck by the fact that there were many rock-cut agricultural installations not included in Stagers research. The act states that "Jerusalem should be recognized as the capital of the State of Israel and the United States Embassy in Israel should be established in Jerusalem no later than May 31, 1999.". Also Known As: Palestine. The Kiryat HaLeom (national precinct) project is intended to house most government agencies and national cultural institutions. [176] Under the Ayyubid dynasty of Saladin, a period of huge investment began in the construction of houses, markets, public baths, and pilgrim hostels as well as the establishment of religious endowments. [250][251] President Mahmoud Abbas has said that any agreement that did not include East Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine would be unacceptable. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 58/292 affirmed that the Palestinian people have the right to sovereignty over East Jerusalem. Although many statistics indicate economic growth in the city, since 1967, East Jerusalem has lagged behind the development of West Jerusalem. While 31% of the Jewish population is made up of children below the age fifteen, the figure for the Arab population is 42%.[331]. Burial remains from the Byzantine period are exclusively Christian, suggesting that the population of Jerusalem in Byzantine times probably consisted only of Christians. From 1229 to 1244, Jerusalem peacefully reverted to Christian control as a result of a 1229 treaty agreed between the crusading Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and al-Kamil, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, that ended the Sixth Crusade. [445] The Abraham Fund and the Jerusalem Intercultural Centre (JICC) promote joint Jewish-Palestinian cultural projects. NYU Press, pp. The first archaeological evidence of human presence in the area comes in the form of flints dated to between 6000 and 7000 years ago,[7] with ceramic remains appearing during the Chalcolithic period, and the first signs of permanent settlement appearing in the Early Bronze Age in 30002800 BCE. To the north, the area known as the hills of Samaria is bounded by the Jezreel Valley; to the east, by the Jordan Rift Valley; to the northwest, by the Carmel Ridge; to the west, by the Sharon plain; and to the south, by the Jerusalem mountains. 5:1-4. Beitar plays in the more prestigious Ligat HaAl, while Hapoel is in the second division Liga Leumit. Al-Muqaddasi writes that Abd al-Malik built the edifice on the Temple Mount in order to compete in grandeur with Jerusalem's monumental churches.[166]. Jerusalem, Hebrew Yerushalayim, Arabic Bayt al-Muqaddas or Al-Quds, ancient city of the Middle East that since 1967 has been wholly under the rule of the State of Israel. ", Jerusalem blessed, Jerusalem cursed: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in the Holy City from David's time to our own. The club hails from Mount Scopus at Jerusalem, part of the Asian Football Confederation, and plays at the Faisal Al-Husseini International Stadium at Al-Ram, across the West Bank Barrier. "Mount Nablus") is a historic and biblical name used for the central region of Palestine, bordered by Judea to the south and Galilee to the north. The Palestinian Authority and the international community do not recognize the term "Samaria"; in modern times, the territory is generally known as part of the West Bank. Jerusalem was not conquered during the initial conquest of the Land by Joshua (Josh. [56] "The Israeli CBS also collects statistics on the rest of the West Bank and the Gaza District. But why did Omri choose the hilltop site of Samaria (Shomron) as his capital? In Frederick E. Greenspahn. That temple was destroyed in 70 A.D. and what's left of the ruins is the Western Wall, also known as the Wailing Wall, and is the holiest site in Judaism. [438] The Edward Said National Conservatory of Music sponsors the Palestine Youth Orchestra[439] which toured Arab states of the Persian Gulf and other Middle East countries in 2009. The Israeli Foreign Ministry disputes that the annexation of Jerusalem was a violation of international law. The Jerusalem Cinemateque, the Gerard Behar Centre (formerly Beit Ha'Am) in downtown Jerusalem, the Jerusalem Music Centre in Yemin Moshe,[432] and the Targ Music Centre in Ein Kerem also present the arts. Al-Aqsa Mosque, the primary Muslim prayer hall on the Temple Mount (Haram al-Sharif or Al-Aqsa compound), The Garden Tomb a new holy site established by British Protestants in the 19th century, Historically, Jerusalem's economy was supported almost exclusively by religious pilgrims, as it was far from the major ports of Jaffa and Gaza. In a phenomenon seen rarely around the world, the percentage of Jewish women who work, 81%, exceeds the percentage of Jewish men who work, 70%. They are not naturally watered by many rivers, but derive their chief moisture from rain-water, of which they have no want; and for those rivers which they have, all their waters are exceeding sweet: by reason also of the excellent grass they have, their cattle yield more milk than do those in other places; and, what is the greatest sign of excellency and of abundance, they each of them are very full of people. University of Haifa From 1260[184] to 1516/17, Jerusalem was ruled by the Mamluks. The Temple Mount is the holiest spot in Judaism and the third holiest site in Islam. He built walls, towers and palaces, and expanded the Temple Mount, buttressing the courtyard with blocks of stone weighing up to 100 tons. By Thomas A. Idinopulos, I.R. Klein, E. (2010), The Origins of the Rural Settlers in Judean Mountains and Foothills during the Late Roman Period, In: E.
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