The Turks asserted to the British that they held sovereignty over the whole of Arabia, including Yemen as the successor of Mohammed and the Chief of the Universal Caliphate.[182]. [339], Together with partners, UNICEF has advanced its efforts and provided access to safe and sustained drinking water to 8.8 million people (5.3 million children) in Yemen. [126] Other sources suggest that he was forced to leave for Egypt instead in 1223. In February 2001 constitutional amendments put forth by Saleh and the GPC to extend the presidential term from five to seven years and the legislatures term from four to six years were passed in a national referendum. Effective control over entire Yemen was not achieved by the Umayyad Caliphate. [383], The adult literacy rate in 2010 was 64%. [166] The army entered the city in triumph and killed its governor. It played an important role for many centuries because of its university, which was a centre of learning for the whole Arab and Islamic world.[401]. Al-Hadi would oversee the drafting of a new constitution, followed by parliamentary and presidential elections in 2014. List of leaders of South Yemen; Prime Minister of Yemen; Notes. It scaled up its emergency WASH assistance in Yemen to ensure sustainable WASH services through capacity building of local WASH authorities, solarisation of water systems and rain water harvesting. The Qasimid state was the strongest Zaydi state to ever exist. [288] Among the Saharo-Arabian species, these may be mentioned: Panicum turgidum, Aerva javanica, Zygophyllum simplex, Fagonia indica, Salsola spp., Acacia tortilis, A. hamulos, A. ehrenbergiana, Phoenix dactylifera, Hyphaene thebaica, Capparis decidua, Salvadora persica, Balanites aegyptiaca, and many others. Sana'a is in this region. This was because only the worst of the officials were appointed because those who could avoid serving in Yemen did so. Mansur fled to Riyadh on March 25, 2015, and returned to Yemen after the Saudi Arabia forces had recaptured Aden in September 2015. [216], In 1990, the two governments reached a full agreement on the joint governing of Yemen, and the countries were merged on 22 May 1990, with Saleh as president. [207], Starting in 1890, hundreds of Yemeni people from Hajz, Al-Baetha, and Taiz migrated to Aden to work at ports, and as labourers. [64] Strabo's close relationship with Aelius Gallus led him to attempt to justify his friend's defeat in his writings. The following is a list of the heads of state of modern Yemen, from the establishment of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen in 1918 to the present day. President Ali Abdullah Saleh was the first president of the new republic until his resignation in 2012 in the wake of the Arab Spring. The Sulayhid dynasty was founded in the northern highlands around 1040; at the time, Yemen was ruled by different local dynasties. North Yemeni president appointed Saleh as the military governor of Taizz in 1977. The government and its security forces, often considered to suffer from rampant corruption,[303] have been responsible for torture, inhumane treatment, and extrajudicial executions. Legislative Branch Of The Government Of Yemen. Gen. (since 19 April 2022); Vice Chairperson, Presidential Council 'Abd-al-Rahman ABU ZARA'A al-Muharrami al-Yafai, Brig. The Kingdom of Yemen (colloquially known as North Yemen) became independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1918 and in 1962 became the Yemen Arab Republic. ), 0-14 years: 35.14% (male 5,641,548/female 5,449,491)15-64 years: 61.52% (male 9,829,725/female 9,590,956)65 years and over: 3.34% (2023 est.) )$78.28 billion (2016 est. An estimated 100,000 people of Indian origin are concentrated in the southern part of the country, around Aden, Mukalla, Shihr, Lahaj, Mokha and Hodeidah. [361] Yemen hosted a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 124,600 in 2007. ), fossil fuels: 84.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est. He then selected new cabinet members of the Yemeni Government. [223] The informal political settlement was held together by a power-sharing deal among three men: President Saleh, who controlled the state; major general Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar, who controlled the largest share of the Republic of Yemen Armed Forces; and Abdullah ibn Husayn al-Ahmar, figurehead of the Islamist al-Islah party and Saudi Arabia's chosen broker of transnational patronage payments to various political players,[224] including tribal sheikhs. The concessions failed to placate protesters, who noted that Saleh had reneged on a previous pledge not to seek reelection in 2006. South Yemen was established in 1962 right after the Zaydi Mutawakkilite kingdom was created in North Yemen. Latin and Greek writers referred to ancient Yemen as "India", which arose from the Persians calling the Abyssinians whom they came into contact with in South Arabia by the name of the dark-skinned people who lived next to them, viz. [140] The Mamluks of Egypt tried to attach Yemen to Egypt and the Portuguese led by Afonso de Albuquerque, occupied the island of Socotra and made an unsuccessful attack on Aden in 1513. )investment in fixed capital: 2.2% (2017 est. The Taif Agreement has been renewed periodically in 20-year increments, and its validity was reaffirmed in 1995. 48 (1981), and Prison Act regulations, provide the legal framework for management of the country's prison system.[294]. [311] In December 2021, The Guardian revealed, Saudi Arabia used "incentives and threats" as part of a pressure campaign to end a UN inquiry into human rights infringements in Yemen. ), household consumption: 116.6% (2017 est. [205] and signed another treaty with the British government in 1934. Yemen is part of the homeland of the South Semitic languages. One in five girls aged 10 to 19 were married in IDP camps, compared to 1 in 8 in host communities. However, the initiative stalled in early May when Saleh, in an apparent reversal of his position, refused to sign the agreement. October: Replaces Prime minister Ghani with Abdul Karim Iryani. [196] In 1919, Imam Yahya hamid ed-Din moved southward to "liberate" the nine British protectorates. Realizing how rich the Tahiride realm was, they decided to conquer it. The rising power of the fervently Islamist Wahhabi movement on the Arabian Peninsula cost the Zaidi state its coastal possessions after 1803. Islam is the state religion of Yemen. Yemen is made up of over 200 islands, and it has a 1,200 mile-long coastline. Following the resignations, control of the. Both amateur and professional (government-sponsored) theatre troupes perform in the country's major urban centres. Saudi human rights under new spotlight in Biden era, Tough tests for Joe Biden in 'new' Middle East, US to designate Yemen's Houthis as terrorist group, Countdown has begun to end of Putin, say Kyiv officials, Belarus leader welcomes Wagner boss into exile, Actor Julian Sands confirmed dead after remains identified, Van life is far from glamorous on LA's streets, China crackdown pushes LGBT groups into the shadows, The endangered languages that are fighting back. Hadm Suleiman Pasha stormed Aden in 1538, killing its ruler, and extended Ottoman authority to include Zabid in 1539 and eventually Tihama in its entirety. They introduced a series of reforms to enhance the country's economic welfare. The Tihamah ends abruptly at the escarpment of the western highlands. The Houthis seized his palace and placed him under-house-arrest for a month. )743.006 (2020 est. ), municipal solid waste generated annually: 4,836,820 tons (2011 est. [citation needed], Ali Abdullah Saleh became Yemen's first directly elected president in the 1999 presidential election, winning 96.2 per cent of the vote. A big problem in Yemen is the cultivation of Khat (or qat), a psychoactive plant that releases a stimulant when chewed, and accounts for up to 40 percent of the water drawn from the Sana'a Basin each year, and that figure is rising. [144] Zabid became the administrative headquarters of Yemen Eyalet. The Mamluk victory was short-lived. [197] Imam Yahya attacked the southern protectorates again in 1922. The state stretched from Haly (in present-day Saudi Arabia) to Aden. [194] The border treaty effectively divided Yemen into north and south. [216] A unified parliament was formed and a unity constitution was agreed upon. Omissions? The main export commodities are crude oil, coffee, dried and salted fish, liquefied natural gas. [120] The Ayyubid rule was stable in southern and central Yemen, where they succeeded in eliminating the ministates of that region, while Ismaili and Zaidi tribesmen continued to hold out in several fortresses. He dreamed of Greater Yemen stretching from Asir to Dhofar. [233] The May July 1994 civil war in Yemen resulted in the defeat of the southern armed forces and the flight into exile of many Yemeni Socialist Party leaders and other southern secessionists. The Yufirid emir Abdullah ibn Qahtan attacked and burned Zabid in 989, severely weakening the Ziyadid dynasty. In November 2019, HADI's government and the STC signed a power-sharing agreement to end the fighting between them, and in December 2020, the signatories formed a new cabinet. He was a religious cleric and judge who was invited to come to Saada from Medina to arbitrate tribal disputes. Several Yemenis accepted Islam before the year 630, such as Ammar ibn Yasir, Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami, Miqdad ibn Aswad, Abu Musa Ashaari, and Sharhabeel ibn Hasana. Some citizens of Sana'a were desperate to return law and order to Yemen and asked the Ottoman Pasha in Tihama to pacify the country. The Houthis appointed a revolutionary Committee to run the government. Under the 1991 constitution, an elected president, an elected 301-seat Assembly of Representatives, and an appointed 111-member Shura Council share power. By 1565, Yemen was split into two provinces, the highlands under the command of Ridvan Pasha and Tihama under Murad Pasha. )$1.414 billion (31 December 2019 est. Gen. (since 19 April 2022); Vice Chairperson, Presidential Council Aydarus Qasim al-ZUBAYDI, Maj. Gen. (since 19 April 2022)head of government: Chairperson, Presidential Council Rashad Muhammad al-ALIMI, Dr. (since 19 April 2022); Vice Chairperson, Presidential Council Sultan al-ARADA (since 19 April 2022); Vice Chairperson, Presidential Council Faraj Salmin al- BAHSANI, Brig. The Houthi leader, Abdul Malik al-Houthi, denounced the statement as a betrayal of their alliance, and clashes between Houthi forces and pro-Saleh forces began immediately. The NLF hoped to destroy all the sultanates and eventually unite with the Yemen Arab Republic. The victory earned him great popularity in the areas of former North Yemen. "The Continuing Conundrum of the Somali Territorial Sea and Exclusive Economic Zone." Hadi was the sole candidate in the presidential election that was held on 21 February 2012. [85], Esimiphaios was a local Christian lord, mentioned in an inscription celebrating the burning of an ancient Sabaean palace in Marib to build a church on its ruins. However, the "constitutional declaration" of 6 February 2015 was widely rejected by opposition politicians and foreign governments, including the United Nations. Then, on 23 November, Al-Hadi became Acting President again, after Saleh moved into a non-active role pending the presidential election in return for immunity from prosecution. Al-Hadi was expected to form a national unity government and also call for early presidential elections within 90 days while Saleh continued to serve as President in name only. Yemen's defense budget, which in 2006 represented approximately 40 percent of the total government budget, is expected to remain high for the near term, as the military draft takes effect and internal security threats continue to escalate. Though a member of Saleh's General People's Congress (GPC) party, Najeeb ran as an independent.[235]. [50] The role of the Mukarrib was to bring the various tribes under the kingdom and preside over them all. Saleh attended the local Qurnic school and joined the army in 1958. [198] Small Bedouin forces, mainly from the Madh'hij confederation of Marib, attacked Shabwah but were bombed by the British and had to retreat. In January 2009, the Saudi Arabian and Yemeni al-Qaeda branches merged to form Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, which is based in Yemen, and many of its members were Saudi nationals who had been released from Guantanamo Bay. Saleh was born in March 1947 in the Bait el-Ahmar village in Sanhan District. [250] Another drone strike in October 2011 killed Anwar's teenage son, Abdulrahman al-Awlaki. The 1991 constitution provides that the president be elected by popular vote from at least two candidates endorsed by at least 15 members of the Parliament. It took 700 tons of coal for a round-trip from Suez to Bombay. The President is the head of state, and the Prime Minister is the head of government. ), $6.805 billion (2018 est. [60], By the third century BC, Qataban, Hadramout, and Ma'in became independent from Saba and established themselves in the Yemeni arena. External links. ), total subscriptions: 1.2 million (2021 est. [316], Yemen officially abolished slavery in 1962,[317] but it is still being practiced. Under the Constitution of Yemen, the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces and head of the executive branch of the Yemeni government . We have seen no foundry like Yemen for our soldiers. Radio broadcasting in Yemen began in the 1940s when it was still divided into the South by the British and the North by the Imami ruling system. Can Biden get the Saudis to change course? [120], The Ayyubids failed to capture the Zaydis stronghold in northern Yemen. Imam al-Mutahhar launched a propaganda campaign in which he claimed that the prophet Mohammed came to him in a dream and advised him to wage jihad against the Ottomans. Read about our approach to external linking. At the same time, Saudi Arabia maintained direct contact with Yemeni tribes, which sometimes strained its official relations with the Yemeni Government. More than 50,000 children in Yemen died from starvation in 2017. ), China 53%, Saudi Arabia 10%, United Arab Emirates 7%, Australia 5% (2019), crude petroleum, gold, fish, industrial chemical liquids, scrap iron (2019), $4.079 billion (2017 est. [232] During these tensions, both the northern and southern armies (which had never integrated) gathered on their respective frontiers. [348], When the former states of North and South Yemen were established, most resident minority groups departed. The Romans blamed their Nabataean guide and executed him for treachery. [127], The Rasulid dynasty was established in 1229 by Umar ibn Rasul, who was appointed deputy governor by the Ayyubids in 1223. The Zaydi Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen was established after World War I before the creation of the Yemen Arab Republic in 1962. [306] Human Rights Watch reported on discrimination and violence against women as well as on the abolition of the minimum marriage age of fifteen for women. Justinian I bestowed the "dignity of king" upon the Arab sheikhs of Kindah and Ghassan in central and northern Arabia. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [109] He then marched toward Hejaz and occupied Makkah. [130] Their competition centred over the Hejaz and the right to provide kiswa of the Ka'aba in Mecca. ANSWER. Between 700 and 680 BC, the Kingdom of Awsan dominated Aden and its surroundings and challenged the Sabaean supremacy in the Arabian South. [229], Following food riots in major towns in 1992, a new coalition government made up of the ruling parties from both the former Yemeni states was formed in 1993. Keep up to date on breaking news in Yemen and explore our extensive archive below. He's worked on this file for years and is known to everyone who matters. [74] According to Philostorgius, the mission was resisted by local Jews. Please select which sections you would like to print: Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. This era marked the collapse of ancient South Arabian civilization since the greater part of the country was under several independent clans until the arrival of Islam in 630 AD. It took the Romans six months to reach Marib and 60 days to return to Egypt. In April 2019, Yemens parliament convened in Say'un for the first time since the conflict broke out in 2014. [145] Of 80,000 soldiers sent to Yemen from Egypt between 1539 and 1547, only 7,000 survived. [138] The Mamluk army, with the support of forces loyal to Zaydi Imam Al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din, conquered the entire realm of the Tahiride but failed to capture Aden in 1517. Pupils of al-Mansur al-Qasim suggested he should claim the imamate and fight the Turks. Abdullah Saleh was a politician who became the first Yemeni president after the Yemeni unification on May 22, 1990. [71][72] The Himyarites rejected polytheism and adhered to a consensual form of monotheism called Rahmanism. What losses did Russia suffer in the Wagner revolt? This became apparent when Imam Ahmad bin Yahya died in 1962. Historically speaking, the southern port city of Aden is the cradle of Yemeni theatre; in recent decades the capital, Sana'a, has hosted numerous theatre festivals, often in conjunction with World Theatre Day. (male 464,548/female 589,334), total dependency ratio: 71.7youth dependency ratio: 69.4elderly dependency ratio: 4.7potential support ratio: 19.9 (2021 est. They even attempted to secularize the Yemeni society, while Yemenite Jews came to perceive themselves in Yemeni nationalist terms. )municipal solid waste recycled annually: 386,946 tons (2016 est. These programs had a positive impact on Yemen's economy and led to the reduction of the budget deficit to less than 3% of gross domestic product during the period 19951999 and the correction of macro-financial imbalances. [32] As of 2020, the country is placed the highest in the Fragile State Index,[33] the second worst in the Global Hunger Index, surpassed only by the Central African Republic,[33] and has the lowest Human Development Index out of all non-African countries. [80] Then he settled a camp in Bab-el-Mandeb to prevent aid flowing from Aksum. )refined petroleum consumption: 75,700 bbl/day (2019 est. In ancient times, Yemen was the home of the Sabaeans,[11][12][13] a trading state that included parts of modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea. . Muslim 99.1% (official; virtually all are citizens, an estimated 65% are Sunni and 35% are Shia), other 0.9% (includes Jewish, Baha'i, Hindu, and Christian; many are refugees or temporary foreign residents) (2020 est. During that period, Yemen was the sole coffee producer in the world. In late May, after some formal changes to the agreement had been made, Salehs representatives announced that he was prepared to sign. [376] Estimates of the number of Christians in Yemen range from 25,000[377] to 41,000. He was re-elected to office in September 2006. Fighting in the northwest between the government and the Houthis, a Zaydi Shia Muslim minority, continued intermittently from 2004 to 2010, and then again from 2014-present. The Sabaeans regained their control over Ma'in after the collapse of Qataban in 50 BC. [299] The Independent headed an article with "Saudi Arabia, one of the most vocal critics in the Arab world of Israel's "security fence" in the West Bank, is quietly emulating the Israeli example by erecting a barrier along its porous border with Yemen. [15] Several dynasties emerged in the 9th to 16th centuries, such as the Rasulid dynasty. ), production: 0 metric tons (2020 est. The Shia insurgency in Yemen began in June 2004 when dissident cleric Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi, head of the Zaidi Shia sect, launched an uprising against the Yemeni government. 1981 October: Forms the General Peoples Congress (GPC) with 1,000 members, most by appointment and the rest by indirect election. Revue du monde musulman et de la Mditerrane p. 21 Volume 67, Kiren Aziz Chaudhry The Price of Wealth: Economies and Institutions in the Middle East p. 117, Ulrike Freitag Indian Ocean Migrants and State Formation in Hadhramaut: Reform, The Middle East Today By Don Peretz p. 491, Human Rights Human Wrongs By M. S. Gill p. 48, Schmitthoff, Clive Macmillan, Clive M. Schmitthoff's select essays on international trade law p. 390. The UN Security Council passed Resolution 2014 in October 2011 calling for an end to the violence and completing a power transfer deal. [264] The Houthis then refused to participate in the government,[265] although they continued to apply pressure on Hadi and his ministers, even shelling the president's private residence and placing him under house arrest,[266] until the government's mass resignation in January 2015. A series of bomb attacks occurred on police, official, diplomatic, foreign business, and tourism targets in 2008. Esimiphaios was displaced in 531 by a warrior named Abraha, who refused to leave Yemen and declared himself an independent king of Himyar. The US has been backing the Yemeni government and its Saudi-led allies in their war against the Houthis. [83], Yousef or Dhu Nuwas (the one with sidelocks) as known in Arabic literature, believed that Christians in Yemen were a fifth column. The Italian Empire was the first to recognize Imam Yahya as the King of Yemen in 1926. August: After that Saudi Arabia had stopped their US$300 billion annual aid to Yemen, Saleh manages through a visit to get a partial resumption of the aid. According to Imam Yahya, the Idrisis, along with the British, were nothing but recent intruders and should be driven out of Yemen permanently. [166] The Ottomans were not ready to lose Mecca after Yemen, so they sent an army from Egypt to fight the Yemenites. The agreement called for presidential elections to be held in February 2012 with Had as the only candidate on the ballot. Saleh was raised by Muhammad Saleh, his fathers brother, who married his mother. [308][309][310], In 2017, the UN Human Rights Council voted to create a team of experts to investigate suspected breaches of humanitarian law and human rights in Yemen. [179], The British government concluded "protection and friendship" treaties with nine tribes surrounding Aden, whereas they would remain independent from British interference in their affairs as long as they did not conclude treaties with foreigners (non-Arab colonial powers). He took office on 18 October 2018, after President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi removed his predecessor, pro-Houthi Ahmed Obeid bin Dagher, from office. His sons were forced to flee to Dahlak. Prolonged pretrial detention is a serious problem, and judicial corruption, inefficiency, and executive interference undermine due process. [216], Thousands were killed in 1986 in the South Yemen Civil War. South Yemen remained a British protectorate as the Aden Protectorate until 1967 when it became an independent state and later, a Marxist-Leninist state. He became Vice President of Yemen after Ali Salim Al-Beidh resigned and lost the civil war. Mainly because of the victories he scored over his rivals, he assumed the honorific title "al-Muzaffar" (the victorious). Gen. (since 19 April 2022); Vice Chairperson, Presidential Council Aydarus Qasim al-ZUBAYDI, Maj. Gen. (since 19 April 2022)cabinet: 25 members from northern and southern Yemen, representing all of Yemen's major political partieselections/appointments: formerly, the president was directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 21 February 2012 (next election NA); note - a special election was held on 21 February 2012 to remove Ali Abdallah SALIH under the terms of a Gulf Cooperation Council-mediated deal during the political crisis of 2011; vice president appointed by the president; prime minister appointed by the presidentelection results: 2012: in a special election held on 21 February 2012, Abd Rabuh Mansur HADI (GPC) was elected as a consensus presidentnote: on 7 April 2022, President Abd Rabuh Mansur HADI announced the dismissal of Vice President ALI MUHSIN al-Ahmar and the formation of a Presidential Council, an eight-member body chaired by former minister Rashad AL-ALIMI; on 19 April 2022, the Council was sworn in before Parliament and began assuming the responsibilities of the president and vice president and carrying out the political, security, and military duties of the government, description: bicameral Parliament or Majlis consists of:Shura Council or Majlis Alshoora (111 seats; members appointed by the president; member tenure NA)House of Representatives or Majlis al Nuwaab (301 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 6-year terms)elections: Shura Council - last appointments NA (next appointments NA)House of Representatives - last held in April 2019 (next to be held NA)election results: percent of vote by party - GPC 58.0%, Islah 22.6%, YSP 3.8%, Unionist Party 1.9%, other 13.7%; seats by party - GPC 238, Islah 46, YSP 8, Nasserist Unionist Party 3, National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 2, independent 4, highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the court president, 2 deputies, and nearly 50 judges; court organized into constitutional, civil, commercial, family, administrative, criminal, military, and appeals scrutiny divisions)judge selection and term of office: judges appointed by the Supreme Judicial Council, which is chaired by the president of the republic and includes 10 high-ranking judicial officers; judges serve for life with mandatory retirement at age 65subordinate courts: appeal courts; district or first instance courts; commercial courts, General Peoples Congress or GPC (3 factions: pro-Hadi [Abdrabbi Mansur HADI], pro-Houthi [Sadeq Ameen Abu RAS], pro-Saleh [Ahmed SALEH]Nasserist Unionist People's Organization [Abdulmalik al-MEKHLAFI]National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party [Qassem Salam SAID]Southern Transitional Council or STC [Aidarus al-ZOUBAIDA] Yemeni Reform Grouping or Islah [Muhammed Abdallah al-YADUMI]Yemeni Socialist Party or YSP [Dr. Abd al-Rahman Umar al-SAQQAF], AFESD, AMF, CAEU, CD, EITI (temporarily suspended), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMHA, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNVIM, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, chief of mission: Ambassador Mohammed Abdullah MohammedAL-HADHRAMI (since 7 June 2022)chancery: 2319 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone: [1] (202) 965-4760FAX: [1] (202) 337-2017email address and website: Information@yemenembassy.orghttps://www.yemenembassy.org/, chief of mission: Ambassador Steven H. FAGIN (since 1 June 2022); note - the embassy closed in March 2015; Yemen Affairs Unit currently operates out of US Embassy Riyadhembassy: previously - Sa'awan Street, Sanaamailing address: 6330 Sanaa Place, Washington DC 20521-6330telephone: US Embassy Riyadh [966] 11-488-3800previously - [967] 1 755-2000FAX: US Embassy Riyadh [966] 11-488-7360email address and website: YemenEmergencyUSC@state.govhttps://ye.usembassy.gov/, three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white)note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, and of Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which has a heraldic eagle centered in the white band, golden eagle; national colors: red, white, black, name: "al-qumhuriyatu l-muttahida" (United Republic)lyrics/music: Abdullah Abdulwahab NOA'MAN/Ayyoab Tarish ABSInote: adopted 1990; the music first served as the anthem for South Yemen before unification with North Yemen in 1990, total World Heritage Sites: 4 (3 cultural, 1 natural)selected World Heritage Site locales: Old Walled City of Shibam (c); Old City of Sana'a (c); Historic Town of Zabid (c); Socotra Archipelago (n), low-income Middle Eastern economy; infrastructure, trade, and economic institutions devastated by civil war; oil/gas-dependent but decreasing reserves; massive poverty, food insecurity, and unemployment; high inflation, $73.63 billion (2017 est.
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