In contrast, a 6-month study involving Chinese postmenopausal women saw no effect of soy flour (40 g/day soy protein, ~50 mg isoflavones) on CIMT [179]. and transmitted securely. Twenty-five g is certainly more soy protein than is consumed by most Asians but through a combination of soyfoods this threshold can be relatively easily met. As such, some people worry that soy promotes breast cancer or even affects male reproductive hormones (21). So it is not surprising, especially when considering that many interventions involved small participant numbers and that the effect of soy protein is modest, that not all studies reported soy protein statistically significantly lowered circulating cholesterol levels. Much of this research has been conducted because independent of its nutrient content there is evidence that soy exerts a variety of health benefits, especially related to the prevention of chronic disease. Weggemans R.M., Trautwein E.A. Many observational studies suggest that a high soy diet protects against cancer risk, outcomes, and even recurrence. Finally, as discussed below, in addition to the direct effect of the protein, soyfoods potentially reduce cholesterol via substitution or replacement effects [122]. High tofu intake is associated with worse memory in elderly Indonesian men and women. Although oligosaccharides can lead to flatulence [41], research suggests that concerns about the flatulence-producing effects of beans may be exaggerated [42]. Maternal nutrient supplementation counteracts bisphenol A-induced DNA hypomethylation in early development. Katz Y., Gutierrez-Castrellon P., Gonzalez M.G., Rivas R., Lee B.W., Alarcon P. A comprehensive review of sensitization and allergy to soy-based products. Evidence for interference with the intestinal absorption of levothyroxine sodium by aluminum hydroxide. SPI . Murphy P.A., Barua K., Hauck C.C. A prospective study found that among 315 women who collectively underwent 520 assisted reproductive technology cycles soy isoflavone intake was positively related to live birth rates [379]. Crumble a block of tempeh for crockpot chilis, stews, or plant-based sloppy joes. Grieshop C.M., Kadzere C.T., Clapper G.M., Flickinger E.A., Bauer L.L., Frazier R.L., Fahey G.C., Jr. Chemical and nutritional characteristics of United States soybeans and soybean meals. Cohen L.S., Soares C.N., Vitonis A.F., Otto M.W., Harlow B.L. Potischman N., Linet M.S. Morr (1981) estimated that the NCF for different soy proteins using the Factor Method ranged from 6.70 to 6.84 [27]. The majority of soy foods grown around the world are genetically modified (GMO), meaning that they have been genetically altered to be resistant to certain herbicides (23). Subclinical atherosclerosis can be assessed using ultrasound to measure the thickness of the carotid arteries. Goitrogenic and estrogenic activity of soy isoflavones. Furthermore, this concern is not applicable to many soy products because as a result of processing the oligosaccharide content is greatly reduced or eliminated. Enjoy various forms of soy in sandwiches, soups, salads, side dishes, entres, and smoothies. Effect of soy in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and subclinical hypogonadismA randomized controlled study. Limited lipid-lowering effects of regular consumption of whole soybean foods. Kokubo Y., Iso H., Ishihara J., Okada K., Inoue M., Tsugane S. Association of dietary intake of soy, beans, and isoflavones with risk of cerebral and myocardial infarctions in Japanese populations: The Japan Public Health Center-based (JPHC) study cohort I. Talaei M., Koh W.P., van Dam R.M., Yuan J.M., Pan A. Dietary soy intake is not associated with risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in Singapore Chinese adults. However, in both cases the individuals were said to have consumed 360 mg/day isoflavones (~9-fold greater than the mean intake among older Japanese men) in the context of unbalanced and likely nutrient-deficient diets since soyfoods accounted for the vast majority of calories consumed. Eating soy foods is associated with better blood sugar control, which is especially important for people who have or are at risk of diabetes (15). Dolinoy D.C., Huang D., Jirtle R.L. Dietary protein intake throughout childhood is associated with the timing of puberty. Background information on Asian soy intake, isoflavones, and nutrient content is also provided. Soy protein is isolated from soybean through a series of treatments, including dehulling, flaking, and defatting. Factors for Converting Percentages of Nitrogen in Foods and Feeds into Percentages of Protein. Widhalm K., Brazda G., Schneider B., Kohl S. Effect of soy protein diet versus standard low fat, low cholesterol diet on lipid and lipoprotein levels in children with familial or polygenic hypercholesterolemia. Van Wyk J.J., Arnold M.B., Wynn J., Pepper F. The effects of a soybean product on thyroid function in humans. Rahal O.M., Simmen R.C. Maskarinec G., Morimoto Y., Novotny R., Nordt F.J., Stanczyk F.Z., Franke A.A. Urinary sex steroid excretion levels during a soy intervention among young girls: A pilot study. Here are some of the benefits of soy protein for females:-Soy is a complete protein, which means that it contains all of the essential amino acids your body needs to function properly. For people following a plant-based diet or who dont eat dairy, soy foods often serve as a major source of protein, as well as vitamins and minerals. Fang N., Yu S., Badger T.M. (2005) reported that the fractional calcium absorption from cows milk (0.217) did not differ from calcium carbonate-fortified soymilk (0.211) although it was slightly higher than from tricalcium phosphate-fortified soymilk (0.181) [52]. However, considerable data suggest that for soy to reduce risk consumption must occur during childhood and/or adolescence [222,223,224,225,226,227,228]. Jordan V.C. As recently articulated by Jarcho and Keaney (2015), data continue to support LDL-cholesterol lowering as a primary strategy to prevent CHD [114]. Fanti P., Asmis R., Stephenson T.J., Sawaya B.P., Franke A.A. Effect of soya protein on blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. 2023 Healthline Media LLC. However, this benefit was observed primarily only in young postmenopausal women (<5 years since menopause) which is consistent with the estrogen window or estrogen timing hypothesis [178]. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. Dietary genistein inactivates rat thyroid peroxidase in vivo without an apparent hypothyroid effect. Weghuber D., Widhalm K. Effect of 3-month treatment of children and adolescents with familial and polygenic hypercholesterolaemia with a soya-substituted diet. However, glycinin is not representative of all proteins in soy and it has a relatively high nitrogen content [26]. Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide, and the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer overall [269]. Food labeling: Health claims; soy protein and coronary heart disease. Benfante R. Studies of cardiovascular disease and cause-specific mortality trends in Japanese-American men living in Hawaii and risk factor comparisons with other Japanese populations in the Pacific region: A review. However, clinical research published in 2012 indicates that the iodination of isoflavones is negligible and clinically irrelevant [425]. Whole soy flour incorporated into a muffin and consumed at 2 doses of soy protein does not lower LDL cholesterol in a randomized, double-blind controlled trial of hypercholesterolemic adults. Evidence indicates that the decrease in LDL-cholesterol in response to soy protein is greater in hypercholesterolemic compared to normocholesterolemic individuals [123,125,126]. There was also a statistically significant increase in collagen synthesis. Ryan-Borchers T., Boon C., Park J.S., McGuire M., Fournier L., Beerman K. Effects of dietary and supplemental forms of isoflavones on thyroid function in healthy postmenopausal women. Vitamin A 0%. Messina M., Gleason C. Evaluation of the potential antidepressant effects of soybean isoflavones. When the data from one of these were sub-analyzed, the improvement was only found in those women who had impaired endothelial function at baseline [147]. much more research needs to be done in these areas before the medical community can be sure of the benefits of soy and tofu. Lou et al. Rett B.S., Whelan J. Much of the focus on soyfoods is because they are uniquely-rich sources of isoflavones. Haas G.P., Delongchamps N., Brawley O.W., Wang C.Y., de la Roza G. The worldwide epidemiology of prostate cancer: Perspectives from autopsy studies. Schmidt C. Third-generation SERMs may face uphill battle. There's no. When adding soy to the diet it is important to consider the overall nutritional quality of a particular soyfood since many Westernized soyfoods include a variety of non-soy ingredients. The soybean, like all foods, is a collection of many biologically active molecules [112]. Although the low isoflavone intake among the soy-consumers (mean intake, 3.4 mg/day) in this study raises doubt about the plausibility of these findings, they do agree with animal data [381,382]. Breast safety and efficacy of genistein aglycone for postmenopausal bone loss: A follow-up study. Lovati M.R., Manzoni C., Gianazza E., Arnoldi A., Kurowska E., Carroll K.K., Sirtori C.R. Soy may aid heart health, cancer risk, and blood sugar levels. Available online: Feinman R.D., Pogozelski W.K., Astrup A., Bernstein R.K., Fine E.J., Westman E.C., Accurso A., Frassetto L., Gower B.A., McFarlane S.I., et al. A number of studies seem to suggest that simply adding soy protein to your diet can help lower. Positive effects of soy isoflavone food on survival of breast cancer patients in China. Soy protein powder is a common source of plant-based protein used in many weight loss and sports nutrition supplements. Vitamin B6 0%. Soukup S.T., Helppi J., Muller D.R., Zierau O., Watzl B., Vollmer G., Diel P., Bub A., Kulling S.E. When this was done, Jenkins et al. Best keto-friendly: Owyn 100% Plant Protein Powder. Coresh J., Selvin E., Stevens L.A., Manzi J., Kusek J.W., Eggers P., Van Lente F., Levey A.S. C-reactive protein, one important indicator of inflammation, is considered to be a risk marker and predictor of CVD [162,163]. Soy is a good source of protein, fiber, and an array of important vitamins and minerals. Spijker J., Graaf R., Bijl R.V., Beekman A.T., Ormel J., Nolen W.A. Rowland I., Faughnan M., Hoey L., Wahala K., Williamson G., Cassidy A. Bioavailability of phyto-oestrogens. Pendleton J.M., Tan W.W., Anai S., Chang M., Hou W., Shiverick K.T., Rosser C.J. A meta-analysis of 14 intervention trials showed a slight, but not significant, reduction of 0.17 mg/L (p = 0.12) in CRP concentrations among postmenopausal women with soy isoflavone intervention compared with controls. American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC). Although at this point more research is required to establish that isoflavones exert skeletal benefits, the high-quality protein [12,13] and well-absorbed calcium [52,53] provided by many soyfoods certainly can contribute to bone health. Faulkner-Hogg K.B., Selby W.S., Loblay R.H. Dietary analysis in symptomatic patients with coeliac disease on a gluten-free diet: The role of trace amounts of gluten and non-gluten food intolerances. Health Canadas proposal to accept a health claim about soy products and cholesterol lowering. In fermented soyfoods such as miso, tempeh and natto, considerable amounts of the isoflavones, although to varying degrees occur as aglycones due to bacterial hydrolysis [70,71,72,73]. Setchell K.D., Brown N.M., Desai P., Zimmer-Nechemias L., Wolfe B.E., Brashear W.T., Kirschner A.S., Cassidy A., Heubi J.E. While these observations helped fuel interest in the chemopreventive effects of soy isoflavones, more relevant are Asian epidemiologic studies which show that higher soy consumption is associated with an approximate one-third reduction in breast cancer risk although most data come from case-control not longitudinal studies [221]. Alekel D.L., Genschel U., Koehler K.J., Hofmann H., Van Loan M.D., Beer B.S., Hanson L.N., Peterson C.T., Kurzer M.S. Hot flashes are the most common reason given by women seeking treatment for menopausal symptoms. Gunther A.L., Karaolis-Danckert N., Kroke A., Remer T., Buyken A.E. An official website of the United States government. Concerns about the anti-thyroid effects of soy are based primarily on in vitro research [395,396] and studies in rodents administered isolated isoflavones [397,398]. Murkies A.L., Lombard C., Strauss B.J., Wilcox G., Burger H.G., Morton M.S. Studies published subsequent to this meta-analysis have reached similar conclusions [168,392,393,394]. Lethaby A., Marjoribanks J., Kronenberg F., Roberts H., Eden J., Brown J. Phytoestrogens for menopausal vasomotor symptoms. Hata Y., Yamamoto M., Nakajima K. Effects of soybean oligosaccharides on human digestive organs: Estimate of fifty percent effective dose and maximum non-effective dose based on diarrhea. Fourtounas C. Phosphorus metabolism in chronic kidney disease. Plus, while more research is needed, one meta-analysis of 12 studies associated soy food intake before and after a breast cancer diagnosis with a reduced risk of cancer recurrence (13). Report on the 8th International Symposium on the Role of Soy in Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention and Treatment. Most current research on GMOs health effects is conflicting, and long-term studies are needed (24). Nestel P., Fujii A., Zhang L. An isoflavone metabolite reduces arterial stiffness and blood pressure in overweight men and postmenopausal women. Rodstrom K., Bengtsson C., Lissner L., Milsom I., Sundh V., Bjorkelund C. A longitudinal study of the treatment of hot flushes: The population study of women in Gothenburg during a quarter of a century. Epidemiologic studies have found that both total and animal protein intake is associated with earlier menarche and the development of early pubertal characteristics [366,367]. Soyfoods potentially reduce risk of CVD through multiple mechanisms. Armah S.M., Boy E., Chen D., Candal P., Reddy M.B. Furthermore, research has shown that high protein diets based on plant protein are equally effective for weight loss as diets based on animal sources (31, 32). Hodis H.N., Mack W.J. Harris W.S., Mozaffarian D., Rimm E., Kris-Etherton P., Rudel L.L., Appel L.J., Engler M.M., Engler M.B., Sacks F. Omega-6 fatty acids and risk for cardiovascular disease: A science advisory from the American Heart Association Nutrition Subcommittee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Sartippour M.R., Rao J.Y., Apple S., Wu D., Henning S., Wang H., Elashoff R., Rubio R., Heber D., Brooks M.N. Women with low iron stores absorb iron from soybeans. What Have We Learned? Some easy ways to prepare it include: Soy foods are versatile and can be used much like animal proteins. Estimates of the worldwide incidence of 25 major cancers in 1990. Katsuyama H., Ideguchi S., Fukunaga M., Saijoh K., Sunami S. Usual dietary intake of fermented soybeans (Natto) is associated with bone mineral density in premenopausal women. Iron absorption from soybean ferritin in nonanemic women. Phase II Trial of Isoflavone in prostate specific antigen recurrent prostate cancer after previous local therapy. Concerns have arisen that because of their estrogen-like properties they may exert untoward effects in some individuals such as postmenopausal women. However, because rodents metabolize isoflavones differently than humans, the value of these studies for understanding effects in humans is in doubt [3,4,5,6,7,8]. Soy milk is an excellent source of plant protein. The absorption of calcium and iron from soy is an important consideration because soyfoods often replace foods that are good sources of these minerals. Fox M., Berzuini C., Knapp L.A. Meyer B.J., Larkin T.A., Owen A.J., Astheimer L.B., Tapsell L.C., Howe P.R. Inhibition of reactive nitrogen species effects in vitro and in vivo by isoflavones and soy-based food extracts. S-equol: A potential nonhormonal agent for menopause-related symptom relief. Here's a deeper look. Harmon S.M., Seifert C.F. Soy protein peptides regulate cholesterol homeostasis in Hep G2 cells. The European Soy and Plant-based Foods Manufacturers Association paid for the costs of publication. En ny Methode til Kvaelstofvestemmelse i organiske Stoffer. Regular consumption of a high-phytate diet reduces the inhibitory effect of phytate on nonheme-iron absorption in women with suboptimal iron stores. Childhood soy intake and breast cancer risk in Asian American women. Interestingly, a recently published meta-analysis of the clinical data found that when all studies (n = 23; 2167 participants) were included in the analysis there was no effect of isoflavones on endometrial thickness overall whereas there was a significant (p = 0.04) decrease in thickness when considering only the seven North American trials which involved 726 women [433]. Comparing Milks: Almond, Dairy, Soy, Rice, and Coconut. Soy contains phytates, which are plant compounds often categorized as antinutrients (alongside lectins, oxalates, and tannins). Benkhedda K.B., Sinclair S.E., Marles R.J., Xiao C.W., Underhill L. Food risk analysis communication. Pinchera A., MacGillivray H., Crawford J.D., Freeman A.G. Thyroid refractiveness in an athyreotic cretin fed soybean formula. However, it also may be that in some cases it is the equol-producing phenotype (i.e., the ability to produce equol) rather than equol itself, that is responsible for the more beneficial response to isoflavone ingestion [87]. Isoflavonoid content of Hong Kong soy foods. Kaptoge S., Di Angelantonio E., Lowe G., Pepys M.B., Thompson S.G., Collins R., Danesh J. C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: An individual participant meta-analysis. Erin Coleman is a registered and licensed dietitian. OBrien J., Jackson J.W., Grodstein F., Blacker D., Weuve J. Postmenopausal hormone therapy is not associated with risk of all-cause dementia and Alzheimers disease. In addition, soy alleviates hot flashes and may favorably affect renal function, alleviate depressive symptoms and improve skin health. Diet throughout childhood and age at menarche in a contemporary cohort of British girls. Ravnskov U., DiNicolantonio J.J., Harcombe Z., Kummerow F.A., Okuyama H., Worm N. The questionable benefits of exchanging saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat. Acute benefits of the microbial-derived isoflavone metabolite equol on arterial stiffness in men prospectively recruited according to equol producer phenotype: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. (2014) found that over a three-month period 100 mg/day isoflavones reduced depressive symptoms in clinically depressed postmenopausal women to a similar extent as Zoloft (50 mg/day) and Prozac (10 mg/day) [332]. Mathers C.D., Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. Also, it was suggested more than a decade ago that genistein exerts some of its proposed chemopreventive effects through binding to ER [286]. Wisniewski A.B., Klein S.L., Lakshmanan Y., Gearhart J.P. Ju Y.H., Doerge D.R., Woodling K.A., Hartman J.A., Kwak J., Helferich W.G. For example, over a two-year period, an Italian study that was evaluating mood effects, found that postmenopausal women taking 54 mg/day genistein showed a decline in depressive symptoms as measured by the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale whereas no change occurred in the placebo group [330]. Urpi-Sarda M., Morand C., Besson C., Kraft G., Viala D., Scalbert A., Besle J.M., Manach C. Tissue distribution of isoflavones in ewes after consumption of red clover silage.
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