Chalet owned by Lord Montagu, Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, pictured January 1953. Photograph of Oscar Wilde by Napoleon Sarony, c.1882. knowledgeable is welcome. This biography of a baron in the peerage of the United Kingdom is a stub. Y John Scott Montagu MP (later 2nd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu) was born in 1866 and he campaigned for motorists in Parliament, was the first member of the Road Board and was instrumental in the introduction of vehicle registration plates. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This ambitious project, which Montagus advisors had warned against, came to fruition on 4th July 1972 when The Duke of Kent came to Beaulieu to open what was to become Britains National Motor Museum. What's New section on the Montagu, who was bisexual, was also known for being convicted and imprisoned for homosexual sex in 1954. He commissioned a leading planner of the day, Elizabeth Chesterton, to draw up a strategy for the redevelopment of the visitor site, a by-pass to divert traffic away from the village, the construction of a marina at Bucklers Hard and a limited number of residential developments elsewhere on the estate. Maintaining the three sections of the site has its costs. He was also closely involved in establishing the Association of Independent Museums, of which he was Patron. Public Domain. The reference library is one of the largest of its kind and together with the photograph and film libraries is used by commercial and private researchers from all over the world. The inspiration came from the automobile swap meets Montagu saw in the United States and he was proud that the name he devised, Autojumble, was later given a place in the Oxford English Dictionary. Mainly about motoring, this beautifully illustrated periodical was subtitled A Journal of Travel by Land, Sea and Air. As always you can unsubscribe at any time. In 1513, his sister Margaret was restored to the barony. This article about a Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (since 1801), for an English constituency is a stub. It moved to the newly built Wembley in 1923. The surname Douglas-Scott-Montagu was created in 1885 when the late Lord Montagus grandfather Henry became the first to be awarded the title of Baron Montagu of Beaulieu. See our extensive range of expert advice to help you care for and protect historic places. Print this He is chiefly remembered as a promoter of motoring and was the founder and editor of The Car Illustrated magazine and a member of the Road Board. When the government decided to abolish the GLC, the then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was said to have endorsed the transfer of its historic buildings to English Heritage because Edward Montagu will know what to do with them.. She married William de Ufford, 2nd Earl of Suffolk, by whom she had four sons and a daughter,[5][4] none of whom survived her. Lord Brabazon of Tara again performed the opening ceremony. Lord Montagu of Beaulieu who died in August last year aged 88 stated it was his desire that his principle heir should continue to use his family name of Douglas-Scott-Montagu. Edward John Barrington Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu. But the previous Lord Montagu, Edward 3rd Baron Montagu of . Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 5th Duke claim ownership. Country of citizenship. Montagus birth in 1926 came as a great relief to his father, who at the age of 61 was desperate for a male heir to his title and the estate. H In 1951, to any sensible, rational being, the house was a white elephant, he would later say. He is the father of Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu who would go on to found the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu in Montagu's memory. The first creation was for John Neville, the younger brother of the Kingmaker. Copyright 2021 Beaulieu Enterprises Ltd. authorship, but gives credit to the originators for their work. 20 Oct 1926 South Kensington, Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, Greater London, England Death 31 Aug 2015 (aged 88) Beaulieu, New Forest District, Hampshire, England Burial Blessed Virgin and Holy Child Churchyard Beaulieu, New Forest District, Hampshire, England Plot Beaulieu Abbey, John Montagu Bldg, Beaulieu, Brockenhurst SO42 7ZN By 1959 the vehicle collection had grown even further, and a new building was therefore constructed. Henry John Montagu-Scott, 1st Baron Montagu of Beaulieu JP, DL , styled Lord Henry Scott until 1885, was a British Conservative Party politician. Beckford maintained an affair with the young William Kitty Courtenay, later 9th Earl of Devon. He was President of the Federation of British Historic Vehicle Clubs, a 250,000-strong organisation that upholds the freedom to use historic vehicles on the road through representation with politicians and legislators; he was also active in many clubs, associations and organizations. Beaulieu Chalet (beach hut) owned by Lord Montagu, Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, pictured January 1953. J C var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker("UA-830605-2"); [3][4] He died 14 July 1361. The House of Montagu Douglas Scott, or simply Scott, is an aristocratic family in the United Kingdom, founded initially in the 15th century as Clan Scott. 29 Dec 1885 Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, of Beaulieu in the County of Southampton suc. Edward Montagu was now determined to carve out a career for himself. A long-term plan to manage the future development of the estate was drawn up, culminating in the opening in 1972 of a new 40,000-sqare-foot museum plus ancillary buildings. He also founded a charity called the Countryside Education Trust. The hut was designed (by distinguished architect Hugh Casson) to be open plan, to the extent that there were no doors to the bedrooms. To produce a viable income, Lord Montagu decided to open his home, Palace House the former gatehouse of the medieval Beaulieu Abbey to the public. Ralph who is now the fourth Baron of Beaulieu has always used his familys full name on official papers and documents including his passport, although he uses the everyday title of Lord Montagu like his father before him. B Tried at the Old Bailey, his sexual liaisons with rent boys and other young men at the Grand Hotel, Brighton and the Savoy Hotel on the Strand in London came to light. Either it had the same fate as the first creation, or it has stayed forfeited since 1400, 1471 or 1499. He was educated at Eton. document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E")); Brockenhurst The overall plan was seen as far-sighted and was the first such large-scale private plan to be accepted as the basis for county planning policy. At her death before 27 June 1376, 'according to modern doctrine, the barony emerged from abeyance, and vested in her half-sister, Audrey de Montagu, the only surviving daughter of her father's second marriage'.[5]. Background and education Douglas-Scott-Montagu is my name, as it was my fathers, but because my title is Lord Montagu of Beaulieu, people will call me Ralph Montagu, just as my father was often called Edward Montagu.. The family name was briefly Montagu-Scott, before the 5th Duke adopted its current form. In 1983, in recognition of his innovative approach and commercial success, the government invited him to chair its new Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission, which he soon renamed English Heritage. Their relationship came to light after being exposed at Courtenays Powderham Castle in Devon. By the mid-1960s, Beaulieu was attracting over half a million visitors a year. Other members of the Montagu Douglas Scott family: Ancestral Scott arms: Or on a bend azure a mullet of six points between two crescents of the field'[1], Arms of the 1st Duke of Monmouth & Buccleuch, Arms of the 3rd Duke of Monmouth & Buccleuch, Arms of the 8th to 10th Duke of Buccleuch[2], Montagu Douglas Scott Family Tree: Dukes of Buccleuch and Queensberry, Charles II, King of England, Scotland and Ireland, Charles William Henry Montagu-Scott, 4th Duke of Buccleuch & 6th Duke of Queensberry, Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch, William Montagu Douglas Scott, 6th Duke of Buccleuch, John Montagu Douglas Scott, 7th Duke of Buccleuch, Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 8th Duke of Buccleuch, Richard Walter John Montagu Douglas Scott, 10th Duke of Buccleuch and 12th Duke of Queensberry, Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott, Princess Alice Duchess of Gloucester, Henry Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, Louisa Jane Montagu Douglas Scott, 6th Duchess of Buccleuch, Mary Montagu Douglas Scott, 8th Duchess of Buccleuch, ne Vreda Esther Mary Lascelles), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montagu_Douglas_Scott&oldid=1158782203, David Scott, 1st Lord of Buccleuch (died c.1492), This page was last edited on 6 June 2023, at 05:56. Baron Montagu of Beaulieu ( French pronunciation: [bolj], Engl. He died in Paris in 1900. Name in native language. If you spot errors, or omissions, then But his conviction sparked public sympathy and led to the setting up of the parliamentary committee chaired by Lord Wolfenden whose recommendations led to the decriminalisation of homosexual acts between consenting adults aged over 21 in 1967. Join theDouglas Archives Section 11 of the 1885 Criminal Law Amendment Act, the notorious Labouchre Amendment, criminalised gross indecency. This list may not reflect recent changes. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Geni requires JavaScript! [3] He was official Verderer of the New Forest from 1890 to 1892, and Honorary Colonel of the 4th Hampshire Rifle Volunteers from 1885. Oscar Wilde spent eighteen months of his two-year sentence of hard labour for gross indecency here. Date of birth. John Walter Edward Montagu-Scott, 2nd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu KCIE CSI DL (10 June 1866 - 30 March 1929), was a British Conservative politician, soldier and promoter of motoring. Douglas-Scott-Montagu, Edward John Barrington Douglas-Scott-Montagu, Any contributions will be If you have met a brick wall Something went wrong, please try again later. To achieve this, Montagu founded the Beaulieu Museum Trust. The first FA Cup final was held at the Kennington Oval in 1872. The Montagu Motor Museum proved very popular and in 1959 it moved into a larger, specially made building. } catch(err) {}, Click here to As work progresses, some of the content may be In 1885 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, in the County of Southampton. Born Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, the young baron started his life in public . Findout moreabout Beckford on UCL's Legacies of British Slave Ownership website. Montagu was sentenced to 12 months in prison, while the other two men received 18 months. Baron Montagu of Beaulieu; E. Edward Montagu-Scott, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu; H. Henry Montagu-Scott, 1st Baron Montagu of Beaulieu; J. of Buccleuch, John Walter Edward However, on his return he would face a difficult time. Edward Montagu realised that a long-term plan was needed to fully harness the potential of its leisure and tourism business but in a way that didnt diminish the scenic and conservation value of the estate. His son by his first marriage having predeceased him, his heir was his seven-week-old son by his second marriage, Edward, who survived him by only three months, dying on 4 October 1361,[5][4] at which time any barony created by writ fell into abeyance, according to modern doctrine, among the surviving daughters of his father. In March 1853, he and his friend, Lord Schomberg Kerr, and their tutor arrived at Sydney. He was 88. This article about a Conservative Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom born in the 1830s is a stub. scott-montagu), Joan Moorby (born Douglas-scott-montagu), Elizabeth Susan Varley (born Douglas-scott-montagu), Anne Rachel Pearl Douglas- Henry John MONTAGU DOUGLAS SCOTT, Cecily Susan STUART-WORTLEY-MACKENZIE, Henry DOUGLAS-SCOTT-MONTAGU, Cecily Susan STUART-WORTLEY-MACKENZIE, Henry John Montagu Douglas Scott, Cecily Susan Montagu Douglas Scott (born Stuart-wortley), Mary Clare Lindesay-bethune (born Douglas-scott-montagu), Henry John Montagu Douglas Scott, Cecily Susan Stuart Scott (born Wortley-mckenzie), Robert Henry Montagu Douglas Scott, Rachel Cecily Forster (born Douglas Scott Montagu), James Francis Douglas Scott Montagu, Cecily Victoria Constance Montagu (born Kerr), Helen Cecil Clark-kennedy (born Douglas Scott Montagu), Ann Rachel Moore Gwyn (born Douglas Scott Montagu), aron Montagu Of Beaulieu - Henry John Montagu Douglas-scott-montagu, Hon. The newly designed visitor complex separated the new motor museum buildings from the historic abbey ruins and Palace House. The content of this website is a collection of It was the first time that British competitors had taken part in a European road race and was the first prize ever awarded to a British driver in a British-built car. The new buildings, which included a purpose-built admissions centre, cafeteria, motoring research library and offices, won several awards. Montagu was the second son of Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch and Lady Charlotte Anne Thynne, daughter of Thomas Thynne, 2nd Marquess of Bath. Z The most famous charge of gross indecency was that brought against Oscar Wilde in 1895. An announcement on beaulieu.co.uk, the website for the family's 9,000-acre Hampshire estate, reads: 'Jonathan Montagu is sad to report the death of his mother Fiona, Lady Montagu. Henry John Montagu-Scott, 1st Baron Montagu of Beaulieu JP, DL (5 November 1832 4 November 1905), styled Lord Henry Scott until 1885, was a British Conservative Party politician. Edward Barrington Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, was the devoted custodian of his family's 7000-acre Beaulieu Estate in Hampshire. Lord Montagu played as hard as he worked. In the same year, he also launched Veteran and Vintage magazine, which he published until its sale to IPC in 1979 (it later became Collectors Cars and eventually Classic Cars). The front quad of Wadham College, Oxford Historic England CC49/00295. Discover and use our high-quality applied research to support the protection and management of the historic environment. Commons. Historic England holds an extensive range of publications and historic collections in its public archive covering the historic environment. Connect to the World Family Tree to find out, Henry John Douglas-Scott-Montagu, Cecily Susan Douglas-Scott-Montagu, June 10 1866 - London, Middlesex, England, Cecily Susan Douglas Scott Montagu (born Staurt Wortley Mackenzie), Robert Henry Douglas Scott Montagu, Rachel Cecily Douglas Scott Montagu, James Francis Douglas Scott Montagu, Cecil Victoria Constance Douglas Scott Montagu (born Kerr), Alice Pearl Douglas Scott Montagu (born Crake). He was also instrumental in setting up an advisory group that became the Federation of British Historic Vehicle Clubs, of which he was President. In 1485, it was restored to Edward Plantagenet, but he was attainted and the peerages forfeited again in 1499, when he died. Cecily Susan Douglas-scott-montagu (born Stuart-wortley-mackenzie), Robert Henry Douglas-scott-montagu, Hon. In 1865 he married Hon. Over a million were printed and all were sold. Image courtesy of James Gardiner. In his own words, Edward Montagus early attempts to attract visitors to the house were charmingly amateurish. Brother of Robert Henry Douglas-Scott-Montagu; Hon. It was officially opened by Lord Brabazon of Tara in the presence of many luminaries from the world of motorsport, including Stirling Moss, Tony Brooks and Graham Walker. The case is memorialised in a limerick from the period. He suffered from severe asthma and it was recommended by physicians he spend the cold British winters in a warmer climate. His son Ralph and daughter Mary, 52, were born during his marriage to first wife Belinda which lasted from 1958 to 1974. Like some of his predecessors and contemporaries, Wilde fled to France. The 88-year-old, who was one of Britain's most celebrated aristocrats, died in August last year. Speaking on the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of the Wolfenden Report, Edward Montagu said, I am proud that the so-called Montagu Case had more effect on changing the laws than any other factor I think because of the way we behaved and conducted our lives afterwards, because we didnt sell our stories, just returned quietly to our lives that had a big effect on public opinion.. In 1967, the now world-famous Beaulieu Autojumble was held for the first time. S page, Biography finder When she was restored to the earldom of Salisbury in 1529, her son became the eleventh Baron Montacute, but he also was created Baron Montagu by writ of summons in 1529. "); Wednesday won 4-2 in front of 93,204 spectators. Pages in category "Barons Montagu of Beaulieu" The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. with your research, then posting a notice in the Douglas Archives Instead, he secured a position with the advertising and public relations agency Voice and Vision, where his first job was to launch the now classic comic Eagle. While not wanting to hide his bisexuality, he was also determined to keep his private life private and refused to comment on the events of the trial, a silence broken only in 2002 with the publication of his autobiography Wheels within Wheels. Community Network, -working The house passed through marriage into the Montagu family and is still owned by the 1st Earl's descendant, the 4th Baron Montagu of Beaulieu. Lord Montagu also helped establish the Association of Independent Museums, and was its patron. The hut was designed (by distinguished . The three men were accused of indecent behaviour with two RAF servicemen who had joined them for a gathering at Montagus beach hut. The classic car world has lost one of its staunchest champions with the death of Edward, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu. Montagu later recounted: What catapulted me permanently into the major league for the future was the idea of commemorating my fathers life by exhibiting veteran cars. Network to keep researchers abreast of developments in the Rachel Cecily Forster (born Douglas-scott-montagu), James Francis Douglas-scott-montagu, Baroness Montagu Of Beaulieu - Lady Cecil Victoria Constance Douglas-scott-montagu (born Kerr), Alice Pearl Pleydell-bouverie (born Crake). together we can build our In 1902 John Scott Montagu launched the weekly journal: The Car Illustrated. For titles in the name of Montagu conferred on the later family of Montagu (previously Ladde) and their descendants, see: For titles conferred on the family of Brudenell (name changed to Montagu), descendant of the family of Montagu, see: Title conferred on the family of Douglas-Scott-Montagu, descendant of the family of Brudenell-Montagu: Title conferred on the family of Browne: Debrett's Peerage, 1968, Montagu of Beaulieu (original form of), p.788, Learn how and when to remove this template message, William de Montagu, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, 4th Baron Montagu, John Montagu, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, 5th Baron Montagu, Thomas Montagu, 4th Earl of Salisbury, 6th Baron Montagu, Alice Montagu, 5th Countess of Salisbury, 7th Baroness Montagu, Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, 9th Baron Montagu, Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury, 10th Baroness Montagu, Margaret Plantagenet, 7th Baroness Montagu, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron_Montagu&oldid=1135104344, This page was last edited on 22 January 2023, at 17:26. Please click on the gallery images to enlarge. Mail: visit@beaulieu.co.uk, We use cookies to give you the best online experience. The youngest peer in attendance, he wore a special costume for minor peers and carried a black velvet bag containing sandwiches to sustain him through the day. The plans for the new Motor Museum and its visitor buildings were then drawn up by the architect Leonard Manasseh. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Douglas-Scott-Montagu,_2nd_Baron_ Montagu entered Parliament for New Forest in 1895, a seat he held until 1905, when he succeeded his father in the barony and entered the House of Lords. This monthly journal covered Veteran, Edwardian, Vintage and Thoroughbred motoring and motorcycling. It is one of only a handful of families in the English-speaking world to have an unhyphenated triple-barrelled name. Wheels Within Wheels| Edward John Barrington Douglas Scott Montagu, Baron Montagu Of Beaulieu, Classic Ghost Stories|Robin Brockman, British Honduras: An Historical And Descriptive Account Of The Colony From Its Settlement, 1670|Archibald Robertson Gibbs, Losing Hope For Pleasure - Gay Romance|Chris Johns, Klepto (Lorimer SideStreets)|Lori Weber, Beginning Organic Chemistry 1 (Workbooks In . Cecily Susan Douglas-scott-montagu, 1st Baron Montagu Of Beaulieu Dl Jp (nacida S montagu, Hon Dame Rachel Cecily Forster, 1st Baron Forster, Gcmg, Pc, Dl (nacida Montagu-douglas-scott), James Francis Douglas-scott-montagu, Cecil Victoria Constance Douglas-scott-montagu (nacida Kerr), Alice Pearl Douglas Scott Montagu (nacida Crake). If you would like to receive a very occasional newsletter - scott-montagu), Elizabeth Susan Varley (born Douglas-scott-montagu), Edward John Barrington Douglas-scott-montagu, Mary Clare Horn (born ry John Montagu 1st Baron Montagu Of Beaulieu Douglas-scott-montagu, Cecily Susan Hon. Father of Hon. E He was a keen shot, loved foreign travel, went wind-surfing off his own foreshore and regularly competed in historic motorsport events. Both baronies became forfeited at the attainder of the latter and his mother in 1539. Fountain with Reading Gaol in the background. N He worked tirelessly to promote motoring, introducing it to people of . These International trucks epitomize working classics, Rusty 67 Mustang transformed into dirt-slinging race car, Crew chief for Garage 56 Camaro is working his dream job, Finally, Oregon will let you pump your own gas, Fords well-contoured 96 Taurus had two fatal flaws, Faster Than An F1 Car! His elder son, Ralph, succeeds to the barony. He spoke openly of his bisexuality in his later life. Edward, Lord Montagu played a significant role in this story, setting up the National Motor Museum Trust as a charitable organisation and saving this legacy for the nation. During the First World War Montagu was an acting member of the War Aircraft Committee from March to April 1916 and an adviser on Mechanical Transport Services to the Indian government (with the rank of Honorary Brigadier-General). In 1945, having completed his schooling, he joined the Grenadier Guards and was posted to Palestine as part of a peacekeeping force. Ralph Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 4th Baron Montagu of Beaulieu (born 13 March 1961) is an English peer and owner of the Beaulieu Estate, home of the National Motor Museum. minutes to complete our Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This now operates two centres on the estate, including a residential centre on a small farm, and welcomes over 5,000 children and adults each year. Some of the old guard opposed this, especially when a membership fee was suggested, but in 1973 the Historic Houses Association was finally formed with Lord Montagu as its President. Elizabeth Susan Douglas-Scott-Montagu. re-written and presented in a unique format, to which we would then be able to Father of John Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu; Robert Henry Douglas-Scott-Montagu; Hon. This means that we may include adverts from us and third parties based on our knowledge of you. In 1899 Lady Montagu gave 1 to the Women's Suffrage Auxiliary Fund of the Englishwoman's Review. The third creation was for John de Montacute who was summoned to parliament on 15 February 1357. It also relocated the car parks, diverting the bulk of visitor traffic away from Beaulieu village. The new facility was an instant success; in 1974 Beaulieu was voted National Heritage Museum of the year. The infamous Montagu trials of 1953 and 1954 resulted in the peer being charged with homosexual acts, which were then illegal. He needed a unique attraction, and he decided to commemorate the lifetime achievements of the father he had never known Lord John Montagu, a pioneer motorist, founder of one of the first car magazines and pro-motoring legislator who died when his son was only three by opening a motor museum. When he left the army at the age of 21, he went to New College Oxford where he read modern history. It was created in 1885 for the Conservative politician Lord Henry Montagu Douglas Scott, who had earlier represented Selkirkshire and South Hampshire in the House of Commons. s-scott-montagu), Joan Douglas-scott-montagu, Elizabeth Susan Varley (nacida Douglas-scott-montagu), Anne Rachel Pearl Douglas-scott-mont Henry John Douglas-scott-montagu, Cecily Susan Douglas-scott-montagu (born Stuart-wortley-mackenzie), Robert Henry Douglas-scott-montagu, Rachel Cecily Douglas-scott-montagu, James Francis Douglas-scott-montagu, Cecil Victoria Constance Douglas-scott-montagu (born Kerr). He had [] On the death of the third earl, both titles became forfeit under attainder in 1400. In 1885 he was raised to the peerage as 1st Baron Montagu of Beaulieu. 1. We also may change the frequency you receive our emails from us in order to keep you up to date and give you the best relevant information possible. Without it, my life would have been very different and I doubt whether I would have been able to remain as owner and occupier of my ancestral home.. In 1954 Montagu was arrested and convicted alongside journalist Peter Wildeblood and landowner Michael Pitt-Rivers. Male homosexual acts remained criminal offences after the death penalty was lifted. By the mid-1960s more than 500,000 visitors were coming to Beaulieu annually. G A Collections Centre was added in 1989 to accommodate the ever-expanding motoring library and archives. Lord Montagu of Beaulieu married Hon. The terrace below the National Gallery was even known as the meat rack for this reason. pronunciation: "bewley", from French beau, "beautiful" and lieu, "place"), in the County of Hampshire, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. pageTracker._trackPageview(); Ralph Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 4th Baron Montagu of Beaulieu's Timeline 1961 March 13, 1961 Birth of Ralph Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 4th Baron Mont.
Big Time Tournament Las Vegas, House For Sale Sylva, Nc, How To Reboot Cisco Ap From Wlc, Articles B