Recent discussions regarding the obesity epidemic have focused on the role the environment plays in increasing energy consumption and decreasing energy expenditure ( 2326 ). For example, the amount of time spent daily in commuting between home and work, as well as the quality of a person's daily commute, is drawing attention for its potential impact on health. Within this area of research, spatial attributes are often measured as surrogates for actual influences. Cross-sectional study of 10,763 adults participating in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (Mississippi, North Carolina, Maryland, and Minnesota). Only two ( 34 , 39 ) of the 20 studies reviewed were conducted in populations outside of the United States, limiting the generalizability of these findings to non-US populations. The level of aggregation differed between these three ecologic studies and included a state-level analysis ( 38 ), two county-level analyses ( 42 , 43 ), and a city/metropolitan area-level analysis ( 43 ). Neither of these studies included measures of cost within their investigations. These results held after adjustment for socioeconomic characteristics. Cross-sectional community-wide health survey of 996 adults from a primarily Hispanic community in Texas. However, there is evidence that the built environment has a unique impact on older adults. Ewing et al. Individuals provided locations of grocery stores where they shopped. The built, or physical, environment consists of its man-made, constructed components - roads and sidewalks, buildings and houses, parks and plazas, and more. Answer & Explanation Solved by verified expert All tutors are evaluated by Course Hero as an expert in their subject area. Lower area prices for fruits and vegetables were also associated with decreases in BMI over a 3-year period for children aged 4 and 5 years ( = 0.114 (standard error, 0.033); p < 0.001) ( 41 ). (14,15) But that's not the only way that free trade contributes to the problem. It was hypothesized that the greater the level of mixed land use, the more walkable the community would be and thus the lower the risk of obesity. Most articles (84%) reported a statistically significant positive association between some aspect of the built environment and obesity. Lower prices for fruits and vegetables predicted lower gains in BMI over the 3-year period. The accessibility of activities is thought to be the primary determinant of travel choices, affecting both physical activity and dietary behaviors. Self-reported height and weight were used to compute BMI, and obesity was defined as BMI 30. The way the built environment is created can affect many daily decisions. CD00 1871). Use of community-participatory research methods, which involve stakeholders in both the design and interpretation of research, is an important way to incorporate the perspectives of the community and add to our understanding of these seeming contradictions ( 80 ). Mia A. Papas and others, The Built Environment and Obesity, Epidemiologic Reviews, Volume 29, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 129143, https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxm009. A neighborhood walkability scale was developed using measures of residential density, mixed land use, and street connectivity. The way cities and towns are . After adjustment for socioeconomic status, age, and race/ethnicity, persons living in rural working class, exurban, and mixed race/ethnicity urban neighborhoods were more likely to be overweight (RRs = 1.4, 1.3, and 1.3, respectively) than were persons living in new suburban neighborhoods. Obesity results from a complex interaction between diet, physical activity, and the environment. The built (material) environment, its vehicular and pedestrian infrastructure, buildings, and public realm places, are the places used for working, living, and recreating. For studies that examined the density of food outlets, area measurements differed. Measured height and weight data were used to compute BMI. For example, the size of a person's activity space and the mechanism by which a characteristic exerts its putative influence are conceptually important. The majority of these studies simply adjusted for race/ethnicity within their analytical models. The county-level, but not metropolitan-level, sprawl index was associated with BMI and risk of obesity. For example, a neighborhood's identity as an ethnic enclave may be determined by the existence of certain key commercial or residential characteristics, by the population composition, or by its identification as such by either insiders or outsiders. Evidence regarding the mechanisms through which the built environment may influence obesity (i.e., through dietary consumption or physical inactivity) is just beginning to emerge ( 3032 ). Ordinary least-squares models, corrected for heteroskedasticity and cluster-induced correlation, revealed a statistically significant association between increasing land-use mix and increasing numbers of fitness facilities with lower BMI levels ( = 2.6 and = 1.4, respectively). However, for many environmental influences, other attributes, such as density, may be more important than distance. may also contribute to obesity in low- and middle-income countries, though more . La ville cologique : contributions pour une architecture durable. ( 46 ) found a statistically significant negative association with BMI ( = 1.39). Reis suggested one way to facilitate this integration: emphasize not just positive health outcomes, but also the other benefits of changes to . 3-year longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of 6,918 US kindergarteners aged 4 or 5 years at recruitment. Examining models for spatial autocorrelation in the unexplained variance can reveal nonstationarity in the model and may shed light on important but overlooked small-area effects ( 70 , 71 ). Within this community, land-use mix was statistically significantly associated with BMI. A review of the literature, Measurement and long-term health risks of child and adolescent fatness, Risks and consequences of childhood and adolescent obesity, Preventing obesity in children and adolescents, Fighting obesity through the built environment, Causal web of societal influences on obesity prevalence, (Figure presented by Prof. Philip James at an obesity prevention workshop; available from the International Obesity Task Force at, Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic, An ecological approach to the obesity pandemic, Halting the obesity epidemic: a public health policy approach, Residential environments and cardiovascular risk. Typically, studies examined either access to physical activity opportunities (i.e., proximity to play space, sidewalk availability, neighborhood walkability) ( n = 14) ( 34 , 35 , 3740 , 4244 , 4751 ) or access to food outlets (i.e., availability of fast-food restaurants, number of food stores) ( n = 4) ( 38 , 41 , 45 , 52 ); two studies ( 36 , 46 ) incorporated measures of access to both foods and physical activity within the same investigation. Research on the built environment and obesity among youths could benefit from a stronger consideration of life-course stage in the selection of measures. Built environment contributes to diabetes through access to physical activity and through stress, by affecting the sleep cycle. Neighborhood was defined as a 3-km radius around the residence. In addition to these standard community design measures, Ellaway et al. (. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Trade liberalization gives people access to different types of food and, often, more high-calorie processed foods. Ideally, different scales would be tested against outcomes in the same study, and more than one scale might have explanatory power. Four articles overlapped between the two searches, leaving a total of 343 unique abstracts. This review examines the published empirical evidence for the influence of the built environment on the risk of obesity. their risk of obesity. Self-reported height and weight data were used to compute BMI; adults were classified as overweight (BMI > 25) or nonoverweight (BMI 25). ( 37 ) collected 2-day travel diaries and counted the total number of minutes per day spent in a car. Prevalence ratios computed using random-effects generalized linear models indicated lower prevalences of overweight (PR, Cross-sectional study of 2,144 adult participants in the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Study. Evidence from an ecological analysis of obesity and vehicle miles of travel in California, Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidity, Built and social environments associations with adolescent overweight and activity, Supermarkets, other food stores, and obesity: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Environment, obesity, and cardiovascular disease risk in low-income women, Inequality in the built environment underlies key health disparities in physical activity and obesity, Active community environments and health: the relationship of walkable and safe communities to individual health, Relationship between urban sprawl and weight of United States youth, Urban sprawl and risk for being overweight or obese, Is sprawl unhealthy? . Self-reported height and weight data were used to compute BMI; adults were classified as obese (BMI 30) or nonobese (BMI < 30). Reproduced with the permission of Lisa Powell et al., ImpacTeen Program Office, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois ( www.impacteen.org ). Schematic of article abstraction from a Medline search for a review of obesity and the built environment. D. "Present bias" Science Environmental Science PBHE 526 Answer & Explanation Solved by verified expert Answered by petertosh Answer: C. the creation of food deserts Details. Burdette and Whitaker ( 36 ) used measured weights and heights of a sample of 7,000 urban, low-income children aged 3 and 4 years and applied age- and sex-specific BMI percentiles to classify overweight. Therefore, the contextual mechanisms that influence obesity rates may not be universal across developed nations ( 90 ). No other environmental variables had an effect on BMI change over time. Data were also available on physical inactivity and fruit and vegetable intake. Fundamentally, obesity results from an energy imbalance that occurs when energy consumption exceeds energy expenditure. As broadly defined in the health literature, the environment can be thought of as all that is external to the individual ( 28 ), with the term built environment encompassing aspects of a person's surroundings which are human-made or modified, as compared with naturally occurring aspects of the environment. Young children, as compared with adolescents or adults, may be more influenced by their immediate environment than by the larger built environment. This policy statement highlights how the built environment of a community affects children's opportunities for physical activity. At this stage, more work is needed to explore environmental influences on diet and physical activity, both within the United States and abroad, in order to facilitate our understanding of and elucidate the population-level determinants of obesity. All of the studies used BMI (weight (kg)/height (m) 2 ), computed by means of either self-reported or measured weight and height data, to define obesity. Residents of low-walkability neighborhoods had higher BMIs (27.4 vs. 25.3) and were more likely to be classified as overweight (60.4% vs. 35.2%) than residents of high-walkability neighborhoods. The 20 articles that met the eligibility criteria for this review have all been published within the past 5 years. In this scholarly article titled Obesity, Poverty, and The Built Environment Wendy Collins Perdue interacts with the idea that the built environment contributes to obesity, especially those found in poorer neighborhoods. Glanz et al. This evidence, coupled with the limited success of individual-based interventions in long-term obesity prevention, points to an urgent need for additional research on the impact of the built environment on obesity ( 94 ). The dependent variable was measured by the change in BMI over the 3-year period. Neighborhood was defined as an 8-km radius around the residence. Galvez et al 65 reported that, although most built environment variables were not associated with childhood obesity in 15 studies, distance to playgrounds and density of rail stations were associated with obesity in the . Self-reported height and weight were used to compute continuous measures of BMI. Two studies in adults ( 34 , 40 ) computed the distance from study participants' homes to the nearest recreational facility, with one ( 34 ) demonstrating a positive association between distance to the nearest facility and increased risk of overweight. For example, access to play spaces for young children may incorporate several dimensions beyond convenient locations within walking distance, since it may be unlikely that very young children are allowed to walk to playgrounds without adult supervision. ( 33 ) classified children aged 418 years as normal weight, overweight, or obese, applying adult BMI categories. Incorporating more uniform measures of the built environment into future research will aid in the decision of which interventions to pursue (e.g., zoning density increases or removal of mixed-use restrictions) and facilitate the development of policy interventions at the community level. Self-reported height and weight data were used to compute BMI; adults were classified as overweight (BMI > 25 and 30) or obese (BMI > 30). Living in areas with greater mixed land use was associated with higher BMI values. Understanding the influence of both access to healthy foods and opportunities for physical activity is critical to obtaining a comprehensive picture of the relation between the built environment and obesity. approach is a valid way to look for evidence of causation, it can be criticized for . Overweight/obesity was associated with living on a highway, living on a street with no sidewalks or with sidewalks on one side only, and having poor access to four or more recreational facilities. Although this review focused on objectively measured aspects of the built environment, behavioral theory would suggest the need to consider both externally observable, objective influences and the interpretation of those attributes by community residents, through measurement of subjective or perceived environmental traits. Environmental sustainability. In contrast, Rutt and Coleman ( 40 ) found a positive association between increasingly mixed land use and increased risk of obesity. Introduction The health of individuals and populations is affected by the environment in which they live. Article CAS Google Scholar (Cochrane reviews, article no. Step-by-step explanation See Answer This resulted in a total of 17 articles ( 3349 ). Although the use of multilevel modeling methods is an important advancement, there is additional information to be gained by adopting more spatially explicit analytical tools as well. Multilevel analytical tools will allow for simultaneous computation of the effects of group-level variables and individual-level variables on outcomes such as BMI. It can generally be described as the man-made or modified structures that provide people with . Analyses of individual data using nested spatial units, such as census tracts, often fail to examine model fit from a spatial perspective. Residential accessibility determines the destination, mode, and arguably even the frequency of home-based trips ( 64 ). Fifteen of the 20 studies used categories of BMI to define overweight (BMI 25 and <30) and obesity (BMI 30), and seven of the 20 used BMI as a continuous variable. This social patterning of food availability may not be as evident in other developed nations, where healthy foods may be more readily available across socioeconomic groups. . Obesity is a serious public health problem with negative physical, social, and mental health consequences ( 113 ). Food availability was measured as the number of grocery stores, fast-food restaurants, convenience stores, and full-service restaurants per 1,000 persons in each child's ZIP code. Land-use mix is the degree to which residential, commercial, and institutional parcels of land are located close together ( 43 ). The index was based on the population density within census tracts that made up each metropolitan area. The Medline, PsychInfo, and Web of Science databases were searched using the keywords obesity or overweight and neighborhood or built environment or environment. The search was restricted to English-language articles conducted in human populations between 1966 and 2007. Self-reported height and weight were used to compute BMI; overweight was defined as BMI > 25, and obesity was defined as BMI 30. As adolescents begin to explore the environment around them independently of parental influences, the impact of the built environment may be a strong determinant in influencing behaviors regarding physical activity and diet. Both of these studies found significant positive associations between the measures of use of motorized transportation and risk of obesity. Besides the physical availability of food outlets, Sturm and Datar ( 41 ) additionally examined the cost of foods within metropolitan areas where children resided. For example, in addition to its structural characteristics, the use of a common space such as a park by a given subpopulation within a community is likely to be influenced by local norms and whether or not these persons feel out of place among the other users at a given time of day. At the county level, the percentage of the workforce commuting outside the county was examined. Findings from the Brisbane Food Study, Does living in a disadvantaged area mean fewer opportunities to purchase fresh fruit and vegetables in the area? The most frequently used measure was the density of play space or recreational facilities, with five out of 20 studies using this measure to quantify the availability of opportunities for physical activity. Work emerging from Australia, for instance, has demonstrated an interesting counterexample to the findings from other developed countries: Strong associations between individual-level socioeconomic factors and dietary habits exist in the context of weak or null associations between neighborhood-level socioeconomic factors and food availability ( 9193 ). The activity space of most metropolitan residents beyond childhood is certainly larger than the residential neighborhood. Obes Rev 12 , e173-82 (2011). The availability of certain types of food choicesone aspect of the food environmentcan be measured by means of food pricing, quality, and variety. One study ( 40 ) specifically investigated the built environment-obesity relation only within a minority population. Both of these studies found no association. Distance measures were employed within three studies ( 33 , 34 , 36 ), measures of density were used in three studies ( 44 , 46 , 47 ), and one study included measures of both distance and density ( 40 ). Several studies have found that choice of transportation mode (driving, walking, biking) depends on the built environment at both the origin (home) and the destination (work or shopping). Residential accessibility refers to the ease of access to activities from people's places of residence. The two studies investigating this issue in adolescent study populations, on the other hand, measured the number of recreational facilities within census block groups ( 47 ) or used the number of facilities within a multivariable model classifying neighborhood types ( 44 ). Built Environment The built environment includes homes, schools, workplaces, parks, farms, and roads. The "built environment," or each community' s living, working, and eating spaces, plays a large role in determining the actions taken by individuals in a community . This includes consideration of both residential space and activity space, as well as the connection between these spheres. The factors that influence increases in energy consumption and decreases in energy expenditure are complex and are currently the focus of much research ( 21 , 22 ). Information was available at the census tract level, and the distance from the residence to the grocery store was estimated from the centroid of the residential census tract to the centroid of the grocery store census tract. Healthier diets that may reduce the risk of obesity cost more, and high-energy-density foods, which have been found to be associated with increased risk of obesity, cost less ( 86 ). Nine studies incorporated at least one of these measures ( 34 , 35 , 37 , 40 , 43 , 46 , 4951 ). Using a measure of density (number of fitness facilities per 1,000 residents, within ZIP codes), Mobley et al. Sidewalk availability, number and distance to physical activity facilities, mixed land use, intersection density, and slope (average change in elevation) were used as measures of the built environment. In the future, investigators may want to compare the roles that the built environment plays in populations of adolescents and younger children, in order to take into account differential effects of the built environment on individuals at varying levels of psychosocial and physical development. Ecologic model relating the built environment to physical activity, diet, and body weight. Studies were conducted within both child and adult populations in the United States, Australia, and Europe, allowing for cross-national comparisons of the associations under investigation. While EU aims to reduce the construction, demolition and excavation waste (CD&E) by . Sixteen of the 20 studies included both group-level and individual-level factors in assessing the relation between the built environment and obesity, with 10 of these 16 studies ( 41 , 4349 , 51 , 52 ) using multilevel modeling strategies to account for the correlations between observations within defined areas. One of the two cross-sectional investigations in children ( 36 ) and all of the cross-sectional investigations in adolescents ( 44 , 47 , 49 ) used age- and sex-specific percentile values for BMI and classified children/adolescents as being at risk for overweight (BMI 85th percentile and <95th percentile) and/or overweight (BMI 95th percentile). Additional measures of access to physical activity incorporated some aspect of community design using publicly available data sources such as the US Census or land-use mix as measured by county tax assessors. Compositional demographic characteristics, such as the age structure of a neighborhood, may become social-contextual influences on community life ( 73 ). Findings from the Brisbane Food Study, Interventions for preventing obesity in children. AS.Architecture-Studio, dition bilingue franais-anglais : Poy, Cyrille, Hargreaves, Nick . Recently, there has been a growing body of evidence linking aspects of the built environment to obesity ( 3352 ). Although there was no information as to whether or not prices actually influenced the purchase or consumption of fruits and vegetables, within this population of children, the price of foods seemed to have a greater effect on BMI than the availability of foods. Transitions out of high school: time of increased cancer risk? Accessibility is defined in terms of ease of access to desired activities. The PsychINFO search produced 53 abstracts; five met the eligibility criteria, with five out of five overlapping with the Medline search. Examining racial/ethnic differences in the relation between the built environment and overweight may aid in the development of culturally specific community-level interventions. Abstract. Some environments harbour more pathogens than others and population densities vary across environment, which influences disease transmission dynamics. Therefore, modifying the built environment can be a solution to address the epidemic. Open Access Published: 01 February 2021 Associations between the built environment and obesity: an umbrella review Thao Minh Lam, Ilonca Vaartjes, Diederick E. Grobbee, Derek Karssenberg & Jeroen Lakerveld International Journal of Health Geographics 20, Article number: 7 ( 2021 ) Cite this article 9988 Accesses 31 Citations 17 Altmetric Metrics Obesity and the environment: where do we go from here? Scale included measures of residential density, land-use mix, and street connectivity. Whether people walk to work or For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. The investigation by Burdette and Whitaker ( 36 ) included low-income children enrolled in the Women, Infants, and Children program in Cincinnati, Ohio. Cross-sectional analyses demonstrated statistically significant associations between urban sprawl and being at risk for or being overweight. Two longitudinal studies were conducted, with one ( 41 ) finding a significant positive association between lower fruit and vegetable prices and lesser gains in BMI over a 3-year period and the other ( 49 ) finding no association between county-level urban sprawl and 7-year change in BMI. Self-reported height and weight were used to compute BMI, and state obesity rates were defined as the percentage of the population with a BMI 30. The appropriate geographic scale for active-living research is far from clear and can only be determined empirically. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Cross-sectional study of US adults living in county populations of 500,000 or more who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (19881994), A composite measure of walkability based on three county-level indicators: 1) the negative of average block size; 2) percentage of all blocks having areas less than 0.01 square miles (0.02 km. Associations were found between decreasing numbers of square miles per fast-food restaurant and increasing population per fast-food restaurant and an increasing statewide prevalence of obesity. The reduction of waste will play important part in achieving the environmental and economic sustainability in this important sector. None of the studies included both child and adult populations. Medline was used as the primary search engine, given its wide accessibility and common use in public health research.
Upward Basketball Schedule, Safeguarding In The Church, Going-out Of Business Liquidation Sales, 6-year Presidential Term Pros And Cons, Law On Teacher And Student Relationship, Articles A