Researchers can always use a variety of scaling procedures to make specific measures into combined or more general measures, as many have done to measure degree of cultural complexity (combining ratings of specific features such as type of subsistence, average size of communities, level of political integration, etc.). To find out how to do this, click here for the SCCS. Most cross-cultural researchers make their codes available to scholars either in print or upon request. We do not see heat; we see the movement of the substance in the confined space. WebCross-cultural studies, sometimes called holocultural studies or comparative studies, is a specialization in anthropology and sister sciences such as sociology, psychology, economics, political science that uses field data from many societies through comparative research to examine the scope of human behavior and test hypotheses about human In many ways,WEIRD populations seem to be less representative of humans in general than non-WEIRD populations are. Although this concept may appear straightforward, it still needs to be defined. 10 Reasons Being Single Can Be an Excellent Option, How to Reduce Your Self-Esteem in 8 Easy Steps. Measures have to be specified for each variable in the hypothesis. WebCross-cultural studies main importance is to advance and expand our knowledge beyond the confinements of our particular surrounding context, encompassing a universal For these types of information, researchers may decide to alter their operational definitions to make use of the data that are available. (c) Adequacy of literature: within the scope of the two preceding criteria, the cultures should have a quantitatively and qualitatively adequate literature coverage. 1980. Karim Bettache Ph.D. on May 31, 2023 in A Cultural Psychology of Discrimination. First, even if a theory is correct about a major cause of what one is attempting to explain, there may still be other causes that have not been investigated. Karim Bettache Ph.D. on May 19, 2023 in A Cultural Psychology of Discrimination. Behavior Science Research 25:1-270; and Carol R. Ember and Melvin Ember, Cross-Cultural Research Methods, 2nd eidtion. 1976. WebResearchers conducting cultural or cross-cultural research should consider the possibility that informed consent may not be a custom of the culture and the concept may not be understood by the participants. Still, if two things are causally related, they should be statistically associated. Statisticians have worked out formulas for calculating the size of the representative (random) sample that is needed to obtain a significant result (one likely to be true). S South America. Psychologists who conduct cross-cultural research investigate the richness of human psychological variation across the world, including points of consistency and divergence between populations with distinct cultural backgrounds, such as those in Western and East Asian countries. For example, if you want to know about traits that were present prior to colonialization, you might choose the earliest time frames. While various definitions are used, culture can be understood as the collection of ideas and typical ways of doing things that are shared by members of a society and have been passed down through generations. Development of the HRAF Collections began with the belief that enduring generalizations about human behavior and culture will emerge from a wealth of knowledge about the ways in which the different peoples of the world live. Abstract and Figures. Using the HRAF Collection of Ethnography in Conjunction With the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample and the Ethnographic Atlas. 523-31. New Haven: HRAF Press, pp. Definitions are not so hard to arrive at. 1983. contrasting cultural patterns described in cross-cultural psychology. Think of the causal question as analogous to the format of a detective story. Cross-Cultural Research Methods, 2nd edition. They may be quite abstract, like the concepts of community solidarity or the relative status of women. How White Supremacy Is Built Into Societies, "Beef" and Asian American Mental Health: The Good, Bad, Ugly, Taking the Stress out of Travel: Micro-Triumphs en Espaa, Beef Captures Our Beef With Religion and Western Therapy, Authentic Equity: Honoring Indigenous Healing Practices, 4 Potent Ways to Deepen Love and Intimacy. While these interactions can lead to much greater opportunities for positive change in all aspects of human life, they can also lead to conflict between cultures, whether overt or covert. We would however urge caution in using the HRAF collection as a whole because it has a mixture of unit types. Participants reported 10 word-cued and 10 important autobiographical memories. There are many reasons that one cannot ever expect a perfect result. And cultural differences have been observed with regard to how emotions are interpreted and the display rules that individuals learn about appropriate emotional expression. Cross-cultural psychologists have pointed to East Asia, Latin America, and Africa as regions where collectivism is relatively prominent and much of Europe, the U.S., and Canada as among those where individualism is more pronounced. If you used these two pieces of information (one from 1890 and the other from 1950) you might very well have a case that looks like it does not support your hypothesis. What are the effects on infant care of high involvement of women in subsistence activities? Using eHRAF is a relatively straightforward process. The only reason it might be necessary to examine all the cases is if some trait or custom occurs rarely or is only rarely described. As of April 2008, there were 165 cultures online. ); the summary Ethnographic Atlas (Murdock 1967); the Atlas of World Cultures (Murdock 1981); the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) Collection of Ethnography (annually distributed by the Human Relations Area Files); the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (Murdock and White 1969); and the HRAF Probability Sample Files (Naroll 1967; Lagace 1979), which is a subset of the entire HRAF Collection of Ethnography. Although some of the mathematical ways of answering this question are rather complicated, the answer always involves a probability value (or p-value), the likelihood that the observed result or a stronger one could have occurred by chance. Thus the collection for each culture may contain documents written by travelers, missionaries, colonial officials, traders, etc. In cross-cultural psychology, an analytic cognitive style roughly describes a tendency to focus on a salient object, person, or piece of information (as in an image or a story) independently from the context in which it appears. The Proposed HRAF Probability Sample. Behavior Science Notes 2:70-80. Krystine I. Batcho Ph.D. on June 13, 2023 in Longing for Nostalgia. hraf@yale.edu, * HRAF membership authentication required. We were able to predict 11 out of 13 of the societies with extended family households and 8 of the 10 of the societies with independent family households. Scientists have also found that associations between personality traits and outcomes that appear in some cultures may not be universal. If so, you may want to design your own code. The cross-cultural method therefore provides a way of eliminating theories that have no predictive value. Naroll, Raoul. Measuring a concept like the degree to which a society has extended families may not be easy. Jean Kim M.D. But psychologists also compare groups at smaller scales, such as people from culturally distinct subpopulations or areas of the same country, or immigrants and non-immigrants. AltaMira Press, 2009. 4) Very high in frequency if the ethnographer describes this type of household as the norm or typical in the absence of any indication of another common type of household. No one can examine all cultures; even if one could, the labor and time costs involved would not justify doing so. The collection was developed by the Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (HRAF), a non-profit research organization based at Yale University. The first is descriptive and deals with the prevalence or frequency of a trait: What percentage of the worlds societies practice polygyny? Often researchers will need to search for more than one subject category to ensure that they will find what they are looking for. Do not infer absence of extended families from the absence of any discussion of family and household type. This is true in physical as well as in the social sciences. Similarly, in science, the pursuit of causes involves the testing of alternative explanations or theories which purport to say why something is the way it is. Empathy offers a lens through which we can understand this evolving situation. Behavior Science Research, 14:211-229. New York: Appleton-Century. The OCM subjects are clearly defined in the OCM, but a few are essential to effective use of the HRAF Collection of Ethnography and bear mentioning here. Lagace, Robert O. Samples of a few hundred to a few thousand people in the entire United States can often yield quite accurate predictions of elections. See Naroll (1967) for the rules used in selecting the sample cases. New York: Macmillan. While the problems with global underrepresentation in psychology research have gained more attention in recent years, an updated analysis of top journals in the mid-2010s found that the vast majority of samples were still from Western, industrialized countries, with about 60 percent from the U.S. Computerized Concordance of Cross-cultural Samples. How many exceptions would compel a rejection of the hypothesis? Information relevant to status might be found under discussions of kin group decisions, political decision-making, relationships of people within the household, sexual rights and obligations, how marriages are arranged, etc. But individualism-collectivism is thought of as a continuum, with particular countries, and cultures within those countries, showing a balance of each. (Your library might not have the complete collection. 1936. The HRAF Probability Sample: Retrospect and Prospect. Or, we can redesign our measure to incorporate descriptions merely in words (no census material is available). These two are not only abstract, but they deal with information which is not usually discussed in conventional ethnographic topics. The most important operating principles in a scientific test of a hypothesis are: 1) to choose a sample that is representative of some universe of societies the researcher wants to generalize the results to; and 2) to use a large enough sample such that the results are likely to be true for the larger universe of cases. New Haven: HRAF Press, pp. The HRAF Collection of Ethnography is different in that it contains no precoded data, but full texts indexed by subject matter and grouped by culture for the rapid retrieval of particular kinds of information. Rather they usually say things like, Extended family households are the norm. Or, Extended families are typical, but younger people are beginning to live in independent households. So our operational definition of percentage of extended family households, although perfectly worthy, may not be that useful if we cannot find enough societies with household censuses. A better research strategy may be to use other kinds of data outside of the HRAF Collection of Ethnography. After reviewing the history of the HRAF Collection of Ethnography, we start with a discussion of the kinds of questions cross-cultural researchers investigate, and why they want to investigate them. on May 28, 2023 in Culture Shrink, The Netflix show "Beef" presents a frank portrayal of dark emotions in Asian Americans pursuing the American dream; that honesty is key to our mental health, Douglas T. Kenrick Ph.D. on May 27, 2023 in Sex, Murder, and the Meaning of Life. Ember, Melvin. If a theory or hypothesis is really correct, one would presume that all the cases fit. 6th revised edition with modifications 2008. After a murder is committed the detective may know a lot about the crime, but not whodunit or why. A printable PDF version of A Basic Guide to Cross-Cultural Research can be found here. While some mating preferences, such as a desire for kindness and physical attractiveness in a partner, appear in many if not all cultures, preferences also differ in some ways across cultureslike the importance placed on humor or other traits. (d) Special initiatives:from time to time HRAF undertook to build special kinds of collections such as: immigrant and other subcultures within North America; cities; and country files.
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