The Court of Appeals reviews questions of fact and law, while the Supreme Court reviews application of the law and constitutional questions. A drought and locust infestation in 2005 led to food shortages for as many as 2.5million Nigeriens. It is based on the Code Napoleon "Inquisitorial system", established in Niger during French colonial rule and the 1960 Constitution of Niger. This was adopted on 9 August 1999 and was followed by presidential and legislative elections in October and November of the same year. The armed forces of Niger have been involved several military coups over the years with the most recent in 2010. [17] Some non-desert portions of the country underwent periodic drought and desertification. Islam, widespread in the region since the 10th century, has greatly shaped the culture and mores of the people of Niger. [39] Kountch died in November 1987 from a brain tumour, and was succeeded by his chief of staff, Col. Ali Saibou who was confirmed as Chief of the Supreme Military Council four days later. The Edo numbered about 3.8 million at the turn of the 21st century. [24] Igbo, Hausa-Fulani and Ibibio people have commonly migrated to Lagos and many southerners migrate to the north to trade or work while a number of northern seasonal workers and small-scale entrepreneurs go to the south. [68] Following this, presidential elections were held and Mahamane Ousmane became the first president of the Third Republic on 27 March 1993. [105], A 2005 study[which?] [78][79] The opposition boycotted the referendum and the constitution was adopted with 92.5% of voters and a 68% turnout, according to official results. [citation needed] Under king Sonni Ali (r. 14641492) Songhai adopted an expansionist policy which reached its apogee during the reign of Askia Mohammad I (r. 14931528); at this point the empire had expanded from its Niger-bend heartland, including to the east where most of later western Niger fell under its rule, including Agadez which was conquered in 1496. The terrain is predominantly desert plains and sand dunes, with flat to rolling savanna in the south and hills in the north. Three of themthe Anfani Group, Sarounia and Tenereare urban-based commercial-format FM networks in the major towns. [37][38] This mobility which would continue in waves for centuries was accompanied with further migration to the south and intermixing between sub-Saharan African and North African populations, and the spread of Islam. Though "Nigerien" is the formal name for a resident of Niger, the term "Nigerois" is sometimes used to create a clear difference between residents of Niger and Nigeria. [23] Colonisation brought the notion of individuals owning land and commercialisation of land began. [39], In the 19th century some European explorers travelled in the area that would become known as Niger, such as Mungo Park (in 180506), the Oudney-Denham-Clapperton expedition (182225), Heinrich Barth (185055; with James Richardson and Adolf Overweg), Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs (186567), Gustav Nachtigal (186974) and Parfait-Louis Monteil (189092). Curious if anybody from Niger made it our most famous people in the world list? Historically, Niger has been on the fringes of some states. A country demonym denotes the people or the inhabitants of or from there, for example, "Germans" are people of or from Germany. By at least the 5th century BC the territory of what is now Niger had become an area of trans-Saharan trade. Until the 1990s, government and politics was inordinately dominated by Niamey and the Zarma people of the surrounding region. U.S. Department of State. [39], The violence in Agadez Region continued during this period, prompting the Nigerien government to sign a truce with Tuareg rebels in 1992 which was ineffective owing to internal dissension within the Tuareg ranks. Environmental issues include destructive farming practices as a result of population pressure, illegal hunting, bush fires in some areas and human encroachment upon the flood plains of the Niger River for paddy cultivation. [131], Clean drinking water is scarce by global standards, with significant differences between urban and rural areas. [50][47][51] Bornu "prospered" during the rule of Mai Idris Alooma (r. circa 15751610) and re-conquered most of the "traditional lands" of Kanem, hence the designation 'KanemBornu' for the empire. We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us. 25,357,000 Head Of State : President: Mohamed Bazoum Form Of Government: republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [171]) See all facts & stats Recent News Jun. A black or blackish sea cucumber, Holothuria forskali, common off rocky shores on the west coast of Britain and Ireland. [130] There were 3 physicians and 22 nurses per 100,000 persons in 2006. [citation needed]. Mahamadou Issoufou of the Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism was elected president. Nigerien culture is marked by variation, evidence of the cultural crossroads which French colonialism formed into a unified state from the beginning of the 20th century. Why is it Called the People's Republic of China. The economy is dependent on subsistence agriculture with a bit of export of raw material such as uranium ore. Niger has one of the rapidly growing populations in Africa. During the Second World War, during which time mainland France was occupied by Nazi Germany, Charles de Gaulle issued the Brazzaville Declaration, declaring that the French colonial empire would be replaced post-war with a less centralised French Union. [47][48] The kingdom reached its greatest extent in the 1200s, partly due to the effort of Mai Dunama Dibbalemi (r. 12101259), and grew "richer" from its control of some Trans-Saharan trade routes; most of eastern and south-eastern Niger, including Bilma and Kaouar, was under Kanem's control in this period. Keesing's Contemporary Archives, page 17569. Since independence, Nigeriens have lived under 5 constitutions and 3 periods of military rule. [143] There is also a network of over 80 community radio stations spread across all seven regions of the country, governed by the Comit de Pilotage de Radios de Proximit (CPRP), a civil society organisation. Hundreds of languages are spoken in the country, including Yoruba, Igbo, Fula, Hausa, Edo, Ibibio, Tiv, and English. In December 2005, it was announced that Niger had received 100% multilateral debt relief from the IMF, which translates into the forgiveness of approximately US$86million in debts to the IMF, excluding the remaining assistance under HIPC. After the military coup in 2010, Niger became a multi-party state. The high growth rate is a major source of concern for both the government and international agencies. [39] Relations with other African states were mostly "positive", with the exception of Dahomey (Benin), owing to a border dispute. [21] Nigerians derive from over 250 ethno-linguistic groups. [29] Since the time prior to colonisation to the present it has been a common practice of Nigeria's tribes to adopt strangers into the tribes. The colloquial names for echinacea ( coneflower) are "Kansas niggerhead" and "Wild niggerhead". in The Cambridge History of Africa: From C 1600 to C 179. Its predominantly Muslim population of about 25 million[15][16] live mostly in clusters in the further south and west of the country. [107] The population is predominantly young, with 49.2% under 15 years old and 2.7% over 65 years, and predominantly rural with only 21% living in urban areas. As a result of this, France gained control of the upper valley of the Niger River (roughly equivalent to the present territory of Mali and Niger). Niger is a developing country, consistently ranking near the bottom of the UNs Human Development Index. [124] Alcohol, such as the locally produced Bire Niger, is sold openly in most of the country. [27] Southern Nigeria historically held several powerful states, including the Benin Empire and Oyo Empire, Ife Confederacy and several other Yoruba states. Pronounced different mrrichardson2304 4 yr. ago It's pronounced differently? The sector is governed by the Conseil Suprieur de Communications, established as an independent body in the early 1990s, since 2007 headed by Daouda Diallo. On 24 July 2004, municipal elections were held to elect local representatives, previously appointed by the government. The water supply ran out about a year later, and the water treatment facility was forced to close. [94] This began a political struggle between Tandja, trying to extend his term-limited authority beyond 2009 through the establishment of a Sixth Republic, and his opponents who demanded that he step down at the end of his second term in December 2009. Read Full Article. The language has about 900,000 native languages in Niger. The first choice is to repair the water tank on the outskirts of town. The territory of Niger contains five terrestrial ecoregions: Sahelian Acacia savanna, West Sudanian savanna, Lake Chad flooded savanna, South Saharan steppe and woodlands, and West Saharan montane xeric woodlands.[91]. It belongs to the UN and its main specialized agencies and in 198081 served on the UN Security Council. [65] Whilst political prisoners of the Diori regime were released after the coup, political and individual freedoms "in general deteriorated" during this period. [132][133][134], Just 40% of the 30,000 inhabitants in Tra, a city northwest of the country's capital of Niamey and near to the Burkina Faso border, have access to a working public water infrastructure. It has a population of the West African lion and one of the last populations of the Northwest African cheetah. [55], Other smaller kingdoms of the period include the Dosso Kingdom, a Zarma polity founded in 1750, which resisted the rule of Hausa and Sokoto states. There are two main languages under the larger Tamasheq language which include the Air Tamajeq language and . Niger is divided into 7 Regions and one capital district. A List of Nationalities Every nationality has its own unique word, or demonym. Renversement du prsident Hamani Diori au Niger, Niger's Elected President Ousted in Military Coup, "1999: President of Niger 'killed in ambush'. And people from Nigeria are Nigerian. To illuminate the significance_ _ insult others by deliberately of nigger, I analyze an array of "Mgger is the ail-American mispronouncing trump card, their names.4 disputes. [52][44] Bawo was the only son of the Hausa queen Daurama and Bayajidda or (Abu Yazid according to certain historians) who came from Baghdad. It borders seven countries and has a total perimeter of 5,697 kilometres (3,540mi). However, Nigeria's most diverse feature is its people. The military court cannot try civilians.[99]. Note: Demonyms are given in plural forms. [92], Farmer-managed natural regeneration is practiced since 1983 to increase food and timber production, and resilience to climate extremes.[93]. It is very common in deep water off the Deadmen. [105] The Zarma and Songhay dominate the Dosso, Tillabri, and Niamey rgions, the Hausa dominate the Zinder, Maradi, and Tahoua regions, Kanuri Manga dominate the Diffa region, and Tuaregs dominate the Agadez region in Northern Niger.[112]. In 2013, Niger's government has adopted a zero-deficit budget of 1.279 trillion CFA francs ($2.53 billion) which is claimed to balance revenues and expenditures by an 11% reduction in the budget from the previous year. '[115] Relations between Muslims and Christians have generally been cordial, according to the respective representatives of Christian and Muslim groups in Niger. These offices will be replaced in the future by democratically elected councils at each level. These elections were followed by presidential elections, in which Mamadou was re-elected for a second term, thus becoming the first president of the republic to win consecutive elections without being deposed by military coups. Religious freedom is protected by Article 30 of the same constitution. Since most countries around the world use their country name with an additional suffix -en or -an to refer to its people, Niger is not an exception. Both Zarma and Hausa areas were greatly influenced by the 18th- and 19th-century Fula led Sufi brotherhoods, most notably the Sokoto Caliphate (in today's Nigeria). [31] Ethnic-motivated and religious-motivated violence by extremists has increased these tensions as well. [126] Children are often forced to work rather than attend school, particularly during planting or harvest periods. [39] In April 1995 a peace deal with a Tuareg rebel group was signed, with the government agreeing to absorb some former rebels into the military and, with French assistance, help others return to a productive civilian life. Manassara entered the campaign as an independent candidate and won the election on 8 July 1996, the elections were viewed nationally and internationally by some as irregular, as the electoral commission was replaced during the campaign. Imperial Dict. Edo, also called Bini, people of southern Nigeria who speak a language of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. [117], A small center of followers of Salafi movement within Sunni Islam have appeared in the last thirty years, in the capital and in Maradi. The north is covered by deserts and semi-deserts. Following the adoption of a constitution in 2010 and presidential elections a year later, Mahamadou Issoufou was elected as the first president of the Seventh Republic; he was then re-elected in 2016. [125] Primary education in Niger is compulsory for six years. [20] The border with Britain's colony of Nigeria to the south was finalised in 1910, a rough delimitation having already been agreed by the two powers via treaties during the period 18981906. Mark D. DeLancey, Rebecca Neh Mbuh. [20] As the climate changed in the period 40002800 BC the Sahara gradually began drying out, forcing a change in settlement patterns to the south and east. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. [123] Interfaith relations are deemed very good, and the forms of Islam traditionally practiced in most of the country are marked by tolerance of other faiths and lack of restrictions on personal freedom. [citation needed], The Songhai Empire was named for its main ethnic group, the Songhai or Sonrai, and was centred on the bend of the Niger River in Mali. The hotter and drier climate with desert area causes more frequent fires in some regions.
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