VW is a higher education, k-12, and public outreach project of the Oregon Space Grant Consortium The Corps held information meetings about the sediment management project in September 2014. Visitors can view Mount St. Helens volcanic crater, lava domes and other landscape changes. Between October 2004 and February 2006, about 80 million cubic meters of dacite lava erupted immediately south of the 1980-86 lava dome. Previous lava-dome-building eruptions at the volcano have persisted intermittently for years to decades. Front-end loader removing ash from Mount St. Helens as Because The levee and the dredge spoils area at Lexington, Washington, on the Cowlitz River. Initial public reaction to the May 18 eruption nearly dealt a crippling Official websites use .gov Green vegetation unaffected by the eruption appears as red Here are a couple of estimates for the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens and the 1955 eruption of Kilauea. The USGS estimates the volume of the debris landslide was equal to 1 million Olympic-size swimming pools. Mount St. Helens viewed from the same point after the This rapid-deployment capability led to the formation of the Volcano Disaster Assistance Program, which is co-funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the USGS. The Mount St. Helens eruption in 1980 caused more than $1 billion worth of damage, mainly to the timber industry. Landscape changes caused by the May 18 eruption were readily seen on in the region requested funding for mental health programs to assist such Note the changes in the shoreline of Spirit Lake (upper Find out why Mount St. Helens is still dangerous. Modern-day scientists and geologists were concerned about Mount St. Helens years before 1980. Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History Global Volcanism Program. October 28, 2008 JPEG. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Flight Center, Bishop, J., Fagan, W., Schade, J., & Crisafulli, C. (2005). It darkened skies for hundreds of miles, sent a huge ash cloud circling around the globe and dramatically changed the landscape of the mountain and its surrounding areas. The avalanche deposit covered 32 square miles, with an average depth of approximately 145 feet. Updated: August 21, 2018 | Original: March 9, 2018. Washington State Department of Game estimated that nearly 7,000 big game The traveling ash cloud also left behind a wide path of destruction. generations. Omissions? HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. ATTN: Karl Ahlen But as the first eruption in the continental United States during the era of modern scientific observation, it was uniquely significant. USDA Forest Service: Gifford Pinchot National Forest. Updates? the United States. Since the beginning of 2018, at least 40 earthquakes in the area have occurred; one earthquake registered 3.9 on the Richter Scale. two people (circled) in lower right (Photograph by Lyn Topinka). Interstate 90 from Seattle to Spokane, Washington, was closed for Enjoy a free accountno credit card required. Reston, VA 20192 Because debris continued to erode and flow into rivers, the Corps constructed two temporary wire-and-rock dams to act as debris retaining structures on the forks of the Toutle River. animals, chiefly burrowing rodents, frogs, salamanders, and crawfish, managed The eruption caused $2.7 billion of damage. The landslide depressurized the volcano's magma system, triggering powerful explosions that ripped through the sliding Tiltmeters and surveying instruments were the only instruments available for monitoring the large .9- to 1.2-milebulge (1.5 by 2 km) in the north face of Mount St. Helens in 1980. The initial stage of the SEIS process, scoping was used to identify issues, alternatives, and impacts that were addressed in the NEPA analysis. Between October 2004 and February 2006, about 80 million cubic meters of dacite lava erupted immediately south of the 1980-86 lava dome. Its neighboring districts in Seattle and Walla Walla conducted damage assessments in the affected regions. What specific measures can we consider to avoid, minimize and mitigate effects of our proposals? for people to view firsthand the volcano's awesome devastation. Get Nat Geo newsletters plus unlimited access to free content. In 1980 when Mt. The sediment retention structure and upstream sediment plain on the North Fork Toutle River. Stand of timber in the "tree-down" zone north Tuck, H.B., Huckey, L., and Talbot, L., 1992, The economic consequences of the 1989-1990 Mt. The volcano continued to spit ash through the end of April, forming two large craters which eventually merged into one. How much does an eruption cost the government, private companies, and local residents? The State of Washington, via the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW), assumed ownership and responsibility for operation and maintenance of the FCF and release locations in 1993 and continues to operate the FCF. For website corrections, write to hqwebmaster@usace.army.mil. Corps personnel raised levees along the Cowlitz. The U.S. Forest Service about half an inch or more of ash, such as Moses Lake and Yakima, Washington, At least 25 percent A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Yet the visible portion of the volcanothe coneis much younger. The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens released more energy than Hurricane Katrina, making it America's most powerful natural disaster in recent memory. St Helens erupted, Spokane had over 850 mi (1400 km) of paved roadways that required ash removal. More than 200 houses and cabins A very common case study for volcanoes is the eruption of Mount St Helens in the USA in 1980. In the decades since the eruption, Mt. Photograph by Fotofeeling, Corbis. The scale of the eruption and the beginning of reclamation in the Mt. These and other questions helped the Corps develop the alternatives in the draft SEIS and includes public comments received during the scoping process. The May 18 eruption began with an earthquake that caused the northern flank of the mountain to collapse, producing the largest landslide in recorded history. 23 Jun 2023 12:22:01 URL: Its estimated that four billion board feet of lumber was destroyed. Further eruptions occurred until 1986, and a dome of lava grew intermittently in the crater. As magma from deep within the earths crust pushed upward into the volcano, Mount St. Helens changed shape and grew about five feet daily. ash--equivalent to about 900,000 tons in weight--were removed from highways All rights reserved. On May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helensa volcano in Washington State located 96 miles south of Seattle and 50 miles northeast of Portland, Oregonerupted violently. of the devastation on people and their works. The blasts caused lava to form in the new crater and create new lava domes; however, later blasts obliterated two of those domes. It would also involve constructing new outlet works consisting of four rows of eight 4-foot diameter pipes in each row (32 pipes total), allowing the modified SRS to function as it did when originally constructed. With the passage of time, the damaged forests, streams, and fields will While the earthquakes dont point to an imminent eruption, they do indicate the volcano is still active and justifies careful monitoring. In addition, using a remote sensing technique called InSAR (interferometric synthetic aperture radar), they combine satellite radar images to map ground deformation in remarkable detail over large areas. St. Helens which began with a series of small earthquakes in mid-March and peaked with a cataclysmic flank collapse, avalanche, and explosion on May 18 was not the largest nor longest-lasting eruption in the mountains recent history. An official website of the United States government. The ash contaminated To determine whether a next phase would need to be constructed, the Corps would monitor hydrologic and sediment conditions in both the sediment plain and the lower Cowlitz River and decide whether conditions trigger the need for action. oil systems, clogged air filters, and scratched moving surfaces. Earliest detection of eruption precursors with multiple instrument types allows for more accurate forecasts of hazardous eruptive activity needed by land managers and the aviation sector. Learn about the ongoing work of Portland District to mitigate the effects of the disaster. The strange saga of Hvaldimir the Russian spy whale. Official websites use .gov By the end of the series, the only area (beyond the slopes of the mountain itself) that remains conspicuously bare at the scale of these images is the Pumice Plain. ], InEruption: The Untold Story Of Mount St. Helens,Steve Olson examines the worst natural disaster to strike, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Visitors can view the crater, lava dome, pumice plain, and effects of the landslide from Johnston Ridge Observatory on the monuments west side, less than 5 miles (8 km) from the volcano. The Phased Construction alternative involves up to two incremental raises, not to exceed 23 feet, of the SRS spillway crest elevation without raising the elevation of the top of dam; constructing grade-building structures in the sediment plain upstream of the SRS; and as-needed dredging in the lower Cowlitz River. In early 2005, the Mount St. Helens experienced several explosions, mostly small. Between 2005 and 2008, the volcano remained active and dumped enough lava onto the crater floor to fill 36,000 Olympic swimming pools. people. A brief summary is included here. Meanwhile, simultaneously with the blast, a vertical eruption of gas and ash formed a column some 16 miles (26 km) high that produced ash falls as far east as central Montana. Portland, OR 97208-2946. Its estimated that all birds and small mammals, and up to 7,000 deer, elk, bear and other big game animals, were killed. The immediate consequences of the eruption were catastrophic, but the aftereffects were devastating as well, as debris from the volcano overran Spirit Lake and swept down the Toutle and Cowlitz Rivers, eventually reaching the Columbia River and disrupting river traffic. A large lava dome began episodically extruding in the center of the volcano's empty crater. When the mountain collapsed, it was like uncorking a bottle of champagne: hot rocks, ash, gas, and steam exploded upward and outward to the north. debris avalanche, the lateral blast, and the mudflows. United States, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192, National Volcano Early Warning System, or NVEWS, Ten Ways Mount St. Helens Changed Our WorldThe Enduring Legacy of the 1980 Eruption. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. An official website of the United States government. Novarupta (Katmai) Volcano, Alaska, erupted considerably Mount St. Helens experienced several more blasts in the summer and autumn following the May 1980 eruption. The monument provides a unique opportunity for scientific study of the dynamics of an active composite volcano and for research on how ecosystems respond to cataclysmic disturbances. SKAMANIA COUNTY, Wash. It was shortly after 8:30 a.m. on May 18, 1980 when Mount St. Helens erupted in Washington state. The removal and disposal of ash from highways, roads, buildings, and Why curly hair was an evolutionary advantage. of the region affected, there were no human deaths and little property damage. heal, and the memory of the 1980 eruption and its impacts will fade in future of railways were destroyed or extensively damaged. Mt. Pro-active early warning of a potential eruption is key to minimizing loss of life and economic disruption by increasing the time that emergency managers can initiate mitigation measures, improve evacuation alerts and better position resources for recovery. Vancouver, WA 38683 however, that it likely will be a reminder for decades in the future of May 18, 1980, eruption (Photograph [montage] by James Hughes in 1982). Have all potentially affected resources and the extent of analysis for those resources been identified? For thousands of years, Mount St. Helens has alternated between times of explosive eruptions and long periods of relative calm. The ice-capped mountain had been recently stirring, sending up large plumes of ash and steam in March and . The sewage-disposal systems of several municipalities that received Hundreds of homes, cabins and buildings were wiped out or damaged, along with 185 miles of roads and 15 miles of railways. Last updated: 06.25.97. even though they had coped successfully during the crisis. The debris avalanche opened the cone, and scientists were able to inspect its interior in a new and novel way. The eruption and its aftermath killed fifty-seven people and countless wildlife and destroyed houses, bridges, railways, highways, and crops. The eruption, classified as a VEI 5, produced an eruption column 24 km (15 miles) high and emitted 1.3 km 3 of ash, depositing ash across the Pacific Northwest. of May 18, 1980. Public scoping meetings were alsoheld in Toutle Lake and Longview, Wash., in March 2013. Panoramic view of Mounts St. Helens from Mount Margaret, salvaged as quickly as possible before the wood began to rot. (Credit: Topinka, Lyn. On the south side are lava formations of various ages, including the longest continuous lava tube in the 48 conterminous U.S. states, which formed during an eruption about 2,000 years ago. Technological revolutions in telemetry, broad-band seismometer technology, and low-power instrumentation are fueling a new era of volcano monitoring equipment capable of collecting and transmitting real-time data remotely with increased precision, efficiency, portability and value, and with reduced risk to scientists. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS But on May 18, 1980, after experiencing a couple of months of earthquake activity and weak volcanic flare-ups, Mount St. Helens erupted violently, decimating everything in its path. high-altitude photographs. Emergency contract work on State Route 504 at Mount St. Helens National Monument will begin Monday, following a May 14 landslide that covered the Spirit Lake . For more information about the alternatives and how they were developed, please review the Alternatives section in the SEIS. The description of the event on the Mount St. Helens National Monument Website reads, "Nearly 230 square miles of forest [were] blown down or . Paul Hessburg receives Distinguished Landscape Ecologist Award April 7, 2023 crops survived, however, in areas blanketed by only a thin covering of ash. Mt. Get tuition reimbursement for coursework or trainings related to your job or career ladder. Some people estimate the death toll may be higher and believe many unknown victims were swallowed by the debris flow. Mount St. Helens gave just seven days of warning when it erupted again in 2004, and Alaska's Okmok volcano (which is not on the "very high threat" list) gave an hour's notice before spewing ash . Land Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. million Chinook and Coho salmon fingerlings were killed when hatcheries wherever expedient. With the initial emergency response successfully completed, the Corps turned to address mid-term problems such as flood threats from impounded waters and the continued sedimentation and debris flows into the areas rivers. In March 2019, USGS was authorized by Congress to develop and implement NVEWS to more fully monitor volcanoes and to warn and protect citizens of the United States from danger caused by volcanic activity. Fifty-seven people were killed; 200 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles (24 km) of railways, and 185 miles (298 km) of highway were destroyed. Hundreds Beginning on March 16, 1980, a series of thousands of earthquakes and hundreds of steam explosions (known as phreatic explosions) began at Mount St. Helens, causing its outward north side to grow over 260 feet. The counties Had we known then what we know today about volcanoes, could the loss of life and economic damage caused by the Mount St. Helens eruption have been prevented or mitigated? leaving many people homeless. caused short circuits in electrical transformers, which in turn caused power can be retrieved easily for constructional or industrial use at some future Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. In subsequent years, the river re-carved a shallow, braided path through the buried valley. But logging interests, which owned most of the land around the volcano, were at odds with geologists over how big the danger zone should be. Our employees earn paid vacation and sick leave every month, as well as 12 paid holidays per year. In 1982, 172 square miles (445 square km) of land surrounding the volcano was designated Mount Saint Helens National Volcanic Monument, administered by the U.S. Forest Service as part of Gifford Pinchot National Forest. The 1980 eruption was the first large explosive eruption studied by scientists and observers using modern volcanology. Mudflows from the avalanche filled the Cowlitz River channel and ran downvalley into the Columbia River. During the two decades following the May 18, 1980 eruption, Crater Glacier formed tongues of ice around the east and west sides of the lava dome in the deeply shaded niche between the lava dome and the south crater wall. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. each day. Now, 40 years later, it is routine for geologists, seismologists, geophysicists, hydrologists, geochemists and biologists to cooperate in studies of natural science processes resulting in well-integrated research, monitoring and communication. USGS.2004-2008 Renewed Volcanic Activity. USDA Forest Service: Gifford Pinchot National Forest.Decades After Catastrophic 1980 Eruption, Mount St. Helens is Recharging. ABC News.Eruptions of Mount St. Helens: Past, Present, and Future. St. Helens region "before" and "after" the eruption Vertical aerial photographs document dome growth and glacier deformation. Watch the volcanic eruption of Mount Saint Helens and subsequent flooding caused by melted glaciers, This article was most recently revised and updated by, Exploring 7 of Earths Great Mountain Ranges, https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Saint-Helens, LiveScience - Mount St. Helens Eruption: Facts & Information, San Diego State University - Department of Geological Sciences -Mt. The structurean embankment, outlet works, and a spillwayslowed the flow of water to allow debris to settle rather than be carried downstream. The Corps developed SEIS alternatives through a multi-step process to identify, screen and refine a broad range of potential measures capable of addressing identified sediment issues. (Photographs courtesy of NASA). Moreover, in the long term, Early in the morning on Sunday, May 18, 1980, volcanologist David Johnston took measurements of Mount St. Helens from a nearby observation post. Steam and ash explosions happened between October 1 and October 5, creating another lava dome which continues to grow and change shape. An explosive steam eruption on March 27, 1980, was followed by alternating periods of quiescence and minor eruption. Towering thousands of feet above the sparsely populated southern Washington forest stood Mount St. Helens. On May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens, Washington exploded in a spectacular and devastating eruption that shocked the world. Shortly after 9 p.m. Sunday, May 14, more than 300,000 cubic yards of debris from an adjacent hillside fell approximately 2,000 feet above SR 504 and covered the roadway with rock, mud, ice and water, causing catastrophic damage to the 85-foot Spirit Lake Outlet Bridge at milepost 49. They cleared debris from the Columbia and employed four hopper dredges and several contracted pipeline dredges to create an emergency navigation channel that allowed over 75 percent of the normal shipping traffic to resume by mid-June. swim through the turbine blades of hydroelectric generators because the Curls may be why humans have such big brains. If scientists armed with today's monitoring tools and knowledge could stepback in time to the two months before May 18, 1980, they would have been able to better forecast the forthcoming devastating eruption. United States, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, Steve P. Schilling, David W. Ramsey, James A. Messerich, Ren A. Thompson. On March 27, Mount St. Helens emitted at least one booming explosion and spewed a 6,000-foot ash cloud into the sky. The Corps released its Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement on Aug. 22, 2014. Three days later, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), only a year old at this point, declared the surrounding region a major disaster area. Trees amounting to more than 4 billion board feet of salable timber were Over the past 40 years, technology and the scientific study of volcanoes have made significant advances. animals (deer, elk, and bear) perished in the area most affected by the crops, such as wheat, apples, potatoes, and alfalfa, were destroyed. The official public website of the Portland District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Helens. The DEMs were also used to quantify dome height variations, size of the magma conduit opening, and the mechanics of dome emplacement. Kelly Hanahan, communications, 360-605-7179. Wildlife in the Mount St. Helens area also suffered heavily. The volcano was also easily viewed and accessible. The outward blast spread volcanic debris (gray in the images) over 230 square miles (600 square kilometers) and blew down 4 billion board-feet of timber. Plus the total cost for the current eruption of Kilauea and the 1989-1990 eruption of Redoubt. The ash fall, however, did pose some temporary major problems for transportation These short-term responsesthe dredging, levee improvements, debris dams, and sediment basinscost approximately $327 million. The Corps proposed four alternative plans for managing long-term sediment management. Rationale In 1987, permits were first issued for climbing Mount St. Helens at a cost of $15 per person per day. airport runways were monumental tasks for some eastern Washington communities. CEHO. August 2014: Notice of Availability for Draft EIS, Aug. 22 2014: Public Comment period opened, Sept. 10, 2014: Informational open house: Cowlitz County Expo Center, Sept. 17, 2014: Informational open house: Toutle High School, Oct. 21, 2014: Public Comment period closed. Long the most active volcano in the Cascade Range with a complex 300,000-year history, Mount St. Helens erupted again in the fall of 2004 as a new period of dome building began within the 1980 crater. Information courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. Once the debris avalanche took out the mountain's north side, magma exploded from it with the force of 1500 Hiroshima atom bombs. This emergency contract, expected to complete in early August, will create temporary administrative access to the Johnston Ridge Observatory, but the road will not be open to the public this summer. The cloud traveled 60 miles per hour and darkened the daylight skies in Spokane, Washington. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Note: Smart's Insurance Bulletin, May 18, 1981 reported over 40,000 insurance claims were filed, 166 recovery loans were applied for and $215 million was spent on dredging rivers as of fall, 1981. Once again, the Corps of Engineers successfully responded to a catastrophic and, in this case, utterly unprecedented disaster. administered through the Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University. All buildings and related manmade structures In seconds, the mountain's summit elevation was lowered from 2,950 meters to 2,549 meters, leaving a north-facing, horseshoe-shaped crater over 2 kilometers wide. activity, has regained its appeal for tourists. During studies at Mount St. Helens, scientists refined their interpretations of monitoring data in order to better forecast future eruptions. Who is Oppenheimer? St. Helens Eruption, Oregon State University - Volcano World - The Eruptive History of Mount St. Helens, United States Geological Survey - Mount Saint Helens, Washington, United States, Mount Saint Helens - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Mount Saint Helens - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Mount Saint Helens National Volcanic Monument. of loggers have been involved in the timber-salvage operations, and, during 1980 Cataclysmic Eruption. We strive for accuracy and fairness. The basins trapped sediment, allowing for its removal, an effort that lasted through May 1981. peak summer months, more than 600 truckloads of salvaged timber were retrieved The resulting outlet allowed water levels to drop by twenty feet and has worked well ever since. were plagued by ash clogging and damage to pumps, filters, and other equipment. https://www.history.com/topics/natural-disasters-and-environment/mount-st-helens. The lateral blast, debris avalanche, mudflows, and flooding caused extensive Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. To make a photo-like satellite image, you need red, green, and blue wavelengths of light. A new studyinvolving a mannequin wearing wigs in a wind tunnelreveals how. As we reflect on the influences of the Mount St. Helens eruption over the last 40 years, we should remember that many volcanoes are basically unstable mountains. These photographs enabled photogrammetric construction of a series of high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) showing changes from October 4, 2004 to February 9, 2006. No changes to the SRS would be made and no dredging in the lower Cowlitz River would be undertaken to manage levels of protection for the lower Cowlitz River communities. roads were closed to traffic, some only for a few hours, but others for News How far would ash travel if Yellowstone had a large explosive eruption? Mount St. Helens is a volcano located in southwestern Washington state. Washington, which themselves were formed of older glacial deposits that At the time, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers initiated emergency actions to reduce the flood risk faced by communities along the Cowlitz River and restore the Columbia River navigation channel. The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens released more energy than Hurricane Katrina, making it America's most powerful natural disaster in recent memory. The eruption of Mount St. Helens in the spring of 1980 caused an enormous debris avalanche that deposited more than 3 billion cubic yards of sediment into the Toutle River basin. eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, in 1924; and an Army sergeant who disappeared About 250,000 cubic yards of ash have been stockpiled at five sites and Contact: John Watson This work will help with recovering stranded vehicles, support U.S. Forest Service infrastructure repairs, restore power and fiber communications with Mount St. Helens monitoring instruments and allow engineers to conduct field reconnaissance necessary for designing an eventual permanent solution in the coming years. The effort was sufficient only to slow the waters rise, not reverse it, but it gave planners time. The monument also presents many recreational and educational opportunities. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan, Matt Mullen and Christian Zapata. Portland District. to the Small Business Administration, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and Wildlife in the area was particularly hard hit. Mount Rainier National Park is to the northeast. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Geologic Information VIEW a list of other USGS General Interest Publications URL: <https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/msh/> Contact: Eastern Publications Group Web Team On March 27, after hundreds of additional earthquakes, the volcano produced its first eruption in over 100 years. Prepare yourself. When NVEWS is fully implemented, all hazardous U.S. volcanoes will be monitored at levels consistent with the threat they pose to communities, infrastructure and aviation. But the truth is the eruption of Mount St. Helens sparked the advances in cutting-edge volcano science and monitoring that exist today. When Mount St. Helens erupted on May 18, 1980, the north face of the mountain collapsed, and a massive avalanche of rock, mud, and volcanic debris thundered down the mountain. At 8:32 Sunday morning, May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens erupted, shaken by an earthquake measuring 5.1 on the Richter scale, the north face of this tall symmetrical mountain collapsed in a massive rock debris avalanche. The negative impact on tourism and conventioneering, however, In. Spirit Lake has been born-again, although its shallower than before. Based on data analysis and research, the Corps developed four alternatives. to greater-than-average summer precipitation. Mount Saint Helens, volcanic peak in the Cascade Range, southwestern Washington, U.S. Its eruption on May 18, 1980, was one of the greatest volcanic explosions ever recorded in North America. On Monday, June 26, contractors working for the Washington State Department of Transportation will begin an emergency contract for slope stabilization, critical site cleanup and reestablishing basic connectivity for SR 504 to the Johnston Ridge Observatory. It's the most active volcano in the Cascade Range, a mountain range that extends from British Columbia through Washington. They were right. Mount St. Helens had nine main eruptions prior to the 1980 eruption.
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