)transmission/distribution losses: 36.203 billion kWh (2020 est. )imports: 7.891 million metric tons (2020 est. France was the most populous country in Europe at this time, with a population of approximately 25 million inhabitants in the late 18th century (England in contrast had only 6 million inhabitants), which accounts for the large number of parishes. Today about 90 percent of communes and departments are exactly the same as those designed at the time of the French Revolution more than 200 years ago, with the same limits. The commune ( French pronunciation: [kmyn] ( listen)) is a level of administrative division in the French Republic. t. e. In the United States, a county or county equivalent is an administrative or political subdivision of a state that consists of a geographic region with specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. ), 8.06% (2021 est. Thus, in Europe, only Switzerland has as high a density of communes as France, and even there an extensive merger movement has started in the last 10 years. )beer: 2.52 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. All of these communes would have equal status, they would all have a mayor at their head, and a municipal council elected by the inhabitants of the commune. Confident that their city stood at the very centre of the world, Parisians were once given to referring to their country as having two parts, Paris and le dsert, the wasteland beyond it. [citation needed], One major often raised problem with intercommunality, is the fact that the intercommunal structures are not subject to directly election by the people, so it is the representatives of each individual commune that sit in the new structure. This is still the case today. Alsace ( rgion) Colmar Haguenau Mulhouse Ribeauvill Strasbourg Aquitaine ( rgion) Agen Bayonne Bergerac Biarritz Bordeaux Dax Lacq Libourne Mont-de-Marsan Pau Prigueux Pessac Areas that were not part of the Kingdom of France, though they are currently parts of Metropolitan France: Partial display of historical provincial arms: Last edited on 19 February 2023, at 04:04, incorporated into the French royal domain, "La fin du pouvoir provincial (4 aot 1789-21 septembre 1791)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_France&oldid=1140240275, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 04:04. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The eco was originally slated to be deployed in 2003, but has been rescheduled several times. In other words, just 8 percent of the French population live in 57 percent of its communes, whilst 92 percent are concentrated in the remaining 43 percent. ), total: 30.627 million (2020 est. )$45,900 (2019 est. It is Europes most important agricultural producer and one of the worlds leading industrial powers. From 1794 to 1977 except for a few months in 1848 and 1870-1871 Paris had no mayor and was thus directly controlled by the departmental prefect. Communes vary widely in size and area, from large sprawling cities with millions of inhabitants like Paris, to small hamlets with only a handful of inhabitants. Capital cities are shown in parentheses. In some urban areas like Marseille there exist four distinct intercommunal structures! Historically and culturally among the most important nations in the Western world, France has also played a highly significant role in international affairs, with former colonies in every corner of the globe. In addition, the territories of France border an additional 5 countries and territories. Since 1958, it has constructed a hybrid presidential-parliamentary governing system resistant to the instabilities experienced in earlier, more purely parliamentary administrations. This was fewer than the 60,000 parishes that existed before the revolution (in cities and towns, parishes were merged into one single commune; in the countryside, some very small parishes were merged with bigger ones), but 41,000 was still a considerable number, without any comparison in the world at the time, except in the empire of China (but there, only county level and above had any permanent administration). ), wheat, sugar beets, milk, barley, maize, potatoes, grapes, rapeseed, pork, apples, machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics, textiles, food processing, tourism, agriculture: 2.8% (2016 est. )wine: 6.44 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. A majestic city known as the ville lumire, or city of light, Paris has often been remade, most famously in the mid-19th century under the command of Georges-Eugne, Baron Haussman, who was committed to Napoleon IIIs vision of a modern city free of the choleric swamps and congested alleys of old, with broad avenues and a regular plan. Of the 22 countries still using the franc, 20 are located in Africa. [Jean LASSALLE]Socialist Party or PS [Olivier FAURE]The Patriots or LP [Florian PHILIPPOT]The Republicans or LR [Eric CIOTTI]Union of Democrats and Independents or UDI [Jean-Christophe LAGARDE]Union of Right and Center or UDC [Christian JACOB] (electoral coalition including LR, UDI), ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, FZ, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNRWA, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC, chief of mission: Ambassador Laurent BILI (since 19 April 2023)chancery: 4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007telephone: [1] (202) 944-6000FAX: [1] (202) 944-6166email address and website: info@ambafrance-us.orghttps://franceintheus.org/consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, Washington, DC, chief of mission: Ambassador Denise Campbell BAUER (since 5 February 2022); note - also accredited to Monacoembassy: 2 avenue Gabriel, 75008 Parismailing address: 9200 Paris Place, Washington DC 20521-9200telephone: [33] (1) 43-12-22-22, [33] (1) 42-66-97-83FAX: [33] (1) 42-66-97-83email address and website: Citizeninfo@state.govhttps://fr.usembassy.gov/consulate(s) general: Marseille, Strasbourgconsulate(s): Bordeaux, Lyon, Rennes, three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the "Le drapeau tricolore" (French Tricolor), the origin of the flag dates to 1790 and the French Revolution when the "ancient French color" of white was combined with the blue and red colors of the Parisian militia; the official flag for all French dependent areasnote: for the first four years, 1790-94, the order of colors was reversed, red-white-blue, instead of the current blue-white-red; the design and/or colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands, Gallic rooster, fleur-de-lis, Marianne (female personification of the country); national colors: blue, white, red, name: "La Marseillaise" (The Song of Marseille)lyrics/music: Claude-Joseph ROUGET de Lislenote: adopted 1795, restored 1870; originally known as "Chant de Guerre pour l'Armee du Rhin" (War Song for the Army of the Rhine), the National Guard of Marseille made the song famous by singing it while marching into Paris in 1792 during the French Revolutionary Wars, total World Heritage Sites: 49 (43 cultural, 5 natural, 1 mixed); note - includes one site in New Caledonia and one site in French Polynesiaselected World Heritage Site locales: Chartres Cathedral (c); Palace and Park of Versailles (c); Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vzre Valley (c); Pyrnes - Mont Perdu (m); Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay (c); Paris, Banks of the Seine (c); The Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes (c); Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct) (c); Amiens Cathedral (c); Palace and Park of Fontainebleau (c); Historic Fortified City of Carcassonne (c); Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana, Gulf of Girolata, Scandola Reserve (n), high-income, advanced and diversified EU economy and euro user; strong tourism, aircraft manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and industrial sectors; ongoing pension reform protests; high public debts and COVID-19 spending increases; global environmental leader, $3.048 trillion (2021 est. )imports of goods and services: -32% (2017 est. In many places, the local feudal lord (seigneur) still had a major influence in the village's affairs, collecting taxes from tenant-villagers and ordering them to work the corve, controlling which fields were to be used and when, and how much of the harvest should be given to him. In 1971 the Marcellin law offered support and money from the government to entice the communes to merge freely with each other, but the law had only a limited effect (only about 1,300 communes agreed to merge with others). )crude oil and lease condensate imports: 1,064,700 bbl/day (2018 est. The CFP and the CFA franc can be interchanged with the standard franc used elsewhere. Like the names dollar and peso, the name franc is actually given to several different currencies, including the Swiss franc and the French franc. agriculture: 1.7% (2017 est. The list below shows the major provinces of France at the time of their dissolution during the French Revolution. The younger mountains and adjacent plains, Gaul and Germany at the end of the 5th century, The shrinking of the frontiers and peripheral areas, Austrasian hegemony and the rise of the Pippinids, The partitioning of the Carolingian empire, The development of institutions in the Carolingian age, The influence of the church on society and legislation, Economy, society, and culture in the Middle Ages (, Economy, society, and culture in the 14th and 15th centuries, The influence of Montesquieu and Rousseau, The French Revolution and Napoleon, 17891815, The restoration and constitutional monarchy, The Great Depression and political crises, Society and culture under the Third Republic, The euro-zone crisis and the Socialist resurgence, Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - France, Jewish Virtual Library - France Virtual Jewish History Tour, France - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), France - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Tensions erupt in a Paris suburb after a 17-year-old delivery driver is killed in a police standoff, From Yankees caps to unbuttoned jerseys, MLB is hoping fashion fuels interest in France, Victor Wembanyama says he won't play for France's national team at this year's World Cup, Germany to roll out measures against heat wave deaths, drawing lessons from France, US Coast Guard will lead investigation of Titan implosion with help from Canada, France, UK, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. )note: data are in 2017 dollars, 6.82% (2021 est. This article related to geography of France is a stub. [15] A commune nouvelle can be created by merger of a number of communes at the request of the municipal councils of all the communes or at the initiative of the state representative in the department (the prefect). However, for certain purposes there was one chevin or consul ranking above the others, a sort of mayor, although not with the same authority and executive powers as a modern mayor. They came into their final form over the course of many hundreds of years, as many dozens of semi-independent fiefs and former independent countries came to be incorporated into the French royal domain. Although the franc was widely used, today it has largely been replaced by the Euro in many places in Western Europe. List of countries where French is the only official language: In many countries, French is used as a co-official language alongside one or more other languages. ), total: 3.1 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 3.48 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 2.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est. )note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions, $9.947 billion (2021 est. note: data are in current year dollars, Germany 14%, United States 8%, Italy 7%, Spain 7%, Belgium 7%, United Kingdom 7% (2019), aircraft, packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, wine, beauty products, gas turbines (2021), $957.717 billion (2021 est.) )proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est. From 41,000 communes at the time of the French Revolution, the number decreased to 37,963 in 1921, to 36,569 in 2008 (in metropolitan France). Roman Catholic 47%, Muslim 4%, Protestant 2%, Buddhist 2%, Orthodox 1%, Jewish 1%, other 1%, none 33%, unspecified 9% (2021 est. The French word commune appeared in the 12th century, from Medieval Latin communia, for a large gathering of people sharing a common life; from Latin communis, 'things held in common'. ), fossil fuels: 8% of total installed capacity (2020 est. On 14 July 1789, at the end of the afternoon, following the storming of the Bastille, the provost of the merchants of Paris, Jacques de Flesselles was shot by the crowd on the steps of Paris City Hall. Please select which sections you would like to print: Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. )tide and wave: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est. metropolitan France: transshipment point for South American cocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and European synthetics; French Guiana: small amount of marijuana grown for local consumption; minor transshipment point to Europe; Martinique: transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for the US and Europe, total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030, Children under the age of 5 years underweight, School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education), International law organization participation, Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Military and security service personnel strengths, Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, Refugees and internally displaced persons, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI). metropolitan France: mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east; French Guiana: low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountains; Guadeloupe: Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior mountains; Grande-Terre is low limestone formation; most of the seven other islands are volcanic in origin; Martinique: mountainous with indented coastline; dormant volcano; Mayotte: generally undulating, with deep ravines and ancient volcanic peaks; Reunion: mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast, highest point: Mont Blanc 4,810lowest point: Rhone River delta -2 mmean elevation: 375 mnote: to assess the possible effects of climate change on the ice and snow cap of Mont Blanc, its surface and peak have been extensively measured in recent years; these new peak measurements have exceeded the traditional height of 4,807 m and have varied between 4,808 m and 4,811 m; the actual rock summit is 4,792 m and is 40 m away from the ice-covered summit, metropolitan France: coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, uranium, antimony, arsenic, potash, feldspar, fluorspar, gypsum, timber, arable land, fish; French Guiana:gold deposits, petroleum, kaolin, niobium, tantalum, clay, agricultural land: 52.7% (2018 est. The municipal councilors are elected by the inhabitants of the commune for a 6-year term. )0.885 (2017 est. (See also city and urban planning.). )exports of goods and services: 30.9% (2017 est. ), some forest damage from acid rain; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from urban wastes, agricultural runoff, party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whalingsigned, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements, particulate matter emissions: 11.64 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est. One problem is that mergers reduce the number of available elected positions, and thus are not popular with local politicians. )0.876 (2020 est. )from coal and metallurgical coke: 26.971 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. This article is about every French colonial possession in history. France began to establish colonies in North America, the Caribbean and India, following Spanish and Portuguese successes during the Age of Discovery, in rivalry with Britain. Updates? )8.01% (2020 est. As a consequence, civil servants and bureaucrats are the ones setting up the agenda and implementing it, with the elected representatives of the communes only endorsing key decisions. Except for these tasks, villages were left to handle other issues as they pleased. In Italy, the median area of communes (comuni) is 22km2 (8.5sqmi); in Belgium it is 40km2 (15sqmi); in Spain it is 35km2 (14sqmi); and in Germany, the majority of Lnder have communes (Gemeinden) with a median area above 15km2 (5.8sqmi). INSEE (Institut National de la Statistique et des tudes conomiques) gives numerical indexing codes to various entities in France, notably the communes (which do not coincide with postcodes). Mainly in this category are the traditional syndicates of communes. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 110 (2021 est. Another six African countries use their own version of the franc. )refined petroleum consumption: 1,688,500 bbl/day (2019 est. )permanent pasture: 17.5% (2018 est. United States of America (50 states and DC) . The consequence of the change, however, was that tens of thousands of villages which had never had legal "personality" (contrary to the chartered cities) suddenly became legal entities for the first time in their history. They have extensive autonomous powers to implement national policy. Usually, there was no mayor in the modern sense; all the chevins or consuls were on equal footing, and rendered decisions collegially. France today is one of the most modern countries in the world and is a leader among European nations. In this area as in many others, the work of the National Assembly was, properly speaking, revolutionary: not content with transforming all the chartered cities and towns into communes, the National Assembly also decided to turn all the village parishes into full-status communes. )industry: 20% (2016 est. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 59 (2021 est. Ironically, while France itself has adopted the euro, three of its territoriesFrench Polynesia, New Caledonia, and Wallis and Futunastill use the CFP franc, which was devised specifically for France's territories. France ( French: [fs] ), officially the French Republic (French: Rpublique franaise [epyblik fsz] ), [14] is a country located primarily in Western Europe. List of countries where French is the only official language: Benin Burkina Faso Congo Democratic Republic of Congo Ivory Coast France ( Metropolitan France and Overseas France) Gabon Guinea Mali Monaco Niger Senegal Togo Non-sovereign entities Geneva, Switzerland Jura, Switzerland Neuchtel, Switzerland Quebec, Canada Vaud, Switzerland ), 338.425 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. )note: the above figure is for metropolitan France and five overseas regions; the metropolitan France population is 62,814,233, noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)adjective: French, Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African (Algerian, Moroccan, Tunisian), Indochinese, Basque minoritiesnote: overseas departments: Black, White, Mulatto, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 47 (2020 est. The complete code has eight digits and three spaces within, but there is a popular simplified code with five digits and no space within: Each commune has a municipal council (conseil municipal) composed of municipal councilors (conseillers municipaux). )crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est. This association arises in part from the rising of the Paris Commune, 1871, which could have more felicitously been called, in English, "the rising of the City of Paris". In rural areas, many communes have entered a community of communes only to benefit from government funds. Except for the municipal arrondissements of its largest cities, the communes are the lowest level of administrative division in France and are governed by elected officials including a mayor (maire) and a municipal council (conseil municipal). )percent of population: 86% (2021 est. (French)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. In all other French communes, the municipal police are under the mayor's supervision. This is because the suburban communes refused an urban community for fear of losing too much power, and opted for a community of agglomeration, despite the fact that a community of agglomeration receives less government funds than an urban community. Its current planned release date is 2027. Issued on: 21/06/2023 - 19:21 )female: 31.9% (2020 est. France rejoined NATO's integrated military command structure in 2009, reversing DE GAULLE's 1966 decision to withdraw French forces from NATO. On the other hand, cities and towns have grown so much that their urbanized area is now extending far beyond the limits of their commune which were set at the time of the revolution. Among Frances other major cities are Lyon, located along an ancient Rhne valley trade route linking the North Sea and the Mediterranean; Marseille, a multiethnic port on the Mediterranean founded as an entrept for Greek and Carthaginian traders in the 6th century bce; Nantes, an industrial centre and deepwater harbour along the Atlantic coast; and Bordeaux, located in southwestern France along the Garonne River. )-$46.341 billion (2020 est. Omissions? Even after Paris regained the right to elect its own mayor in 1977, the central government retained control of the Paris police. In recent years it has become increasingly common for communes to band together in intercommunal consortia for the provision of such services as refuse collection and water supply. )agricultural: 3.18 billion cubic meters (2020 est. To better grasp the staggering number of communes in France, two comparisons can be made: First, of the original 15 member states of the European Union there are approximately 75,000 communes; France alone, which comprises 16 percent of the population of the EU-15, had nearly half of its communes. The total area of the French colonial empire, with the first (mainly in the Americas and Asia) and second (mainly in Africa and Asia), the French colonial empires combined, reached 24,000,000km2 (9,300,000sqmi), the second largest in the world (the first being the British Empire). )$42,200 (2020 est. ), euros (EUR) per US dollar -0.845 (2021 est. ), Number of operational nuclear reactors: 56 (2023)Number of nuclear reactors under construction: 1Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 61.37GW (2021)Percent of total electricity production: 70% (2021)Percent of total energy produced: 77% (2021)Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 6, production: 2.312 million metric tons (2020 est.
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