WHL managed the project and revised the manuscript. Pennaceous feathers have a rachis with vanes or vaxillum spreading to either side. Defective hair formation in calcitonin-like receptor transgenic mice. This study was supported by Ministry of Science and Technology (formerly known as National Science Council), Taiwan (MOST 104-2621-B-001-003-MY3 and 99-2321-B-001-041-MY2) and Academia Sinica, Taiwan. Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by Kelli-27 Terms in this set (37) Feather Types Feathers are composed of beta keratin protein. State-dependent signaling by Cav1.2 regulates hair follicle stem cell function by regulating the production of the bulge-derived BMP inhibitor follistatin-like1 (FSTL1), derepressing stem cell quiescence [71, 72]. Modulation of the human hair follicle pigmentary unit by corticotropin-releasing hormone and urocortin peptides. The interactions between SHH and BMP2 signaling during feather barb ridge morphogenesis may be critical for the initial formation of a meristic pattern of barb ridges and the variation in barb morphogenesis in feathers [53]. Development, regeneration, and evolution of feathers. Descriptive statistics for each character were compiled for each species to provide comparisons of the microscopic characters among the eighteen species and foraging strategies. Although the hair and the feather are not homologous, they share many pathways. SHH is a secreted protein expressed in the epidermis that is involved in the mitogenic and morphogenetic processes throughout feather development [32, 4852]. All the animals used in this study were processed following the approved protocol of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees of the National Chung Hsing University (Taichung, Taiwan). The diagnostic and phylogenetic significance of feather structures. - filoplumes. Chuong CM, Chen HM, Jiang TX, Chia J. Adhesion molecules in skin development: morphogenesis of feather and hair. (G) Pennaceous barbules of silky contour feather. This observation suggests that each sample harbors transcriptomic features that are unique to the feather types or regions. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the covariance matrix f using a custom R script based on the prcomp R package. In addition, radial, bilateral symmetric, and asymmetric branching patterns are formed by modulating basal branching circuit that is involved the WNT3A gradient and SPRY. [2] Its basal part, called a calamus, is embedded in the skin. This measurement (to the nearest 0.01 mm) was taken from the ramus to the tip of the barbule at 100 magnification. SMW, JJC, YTL, CTM performed laboratory experiments. Feathers initially might have evolved for heat regulation, but were then co-opted for display, and later co-opted for flight. Ainsworth SJ, Stanley RL, Evans DJ. This study produced abundant data for the analysis of gene expression during feather morphogenesis. The bases of the feathers are plumulaceous, while the tips of some feathers are pennaceous. Fish telocytes and their relation to rodlet cells in ruby-red-fin shark (rainbow shark) Epalzeorhynchos frenatum (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). (XLSX 86kb), cMF vs. cLF differentially expressed gene set (shown in FPKM and fold change). Which direction do I watch the Perseid meteor shower? A descriptive and phylogenetic analysis of plumulaceous feather characters in Charadriiformes. 8600 Rockville Pike Additional file 1: Figure S1. Chu Q, Cai L, Fu Y, Chen X, Yan Z, Lin X, et al. Giambernardi TA, Rodeck U, Klebe RJ. Genetic control of branching morphogenesis. Two zones of body feather and three zones of flight feather were selected to represent morphological, structural, and mechanical property differences in feathers (Additional file 1: Figure S1). Also called oxidation state. A hypothesis of morphological evolution postulates that form evolves largely through altering the expression of conserved genes [2]. Identification of genes related to white and black plumage formation by RNA-Seq from white and black feather bulbs in ducks. 1978, Robertson et al. "GEOL 204 The Fossil Record: Feathered Dragons: The Origins of Birds and of Avian Flight", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennaceous_feather&oldid=1153902673, This page was last edited on 9 May 2023, at 01:17. Chuong CM, Bhat R, Widelitz RB, Bissell MJ. We measured the following five plumulaceous feather characters in this study: Although diving ducks typically have expanded, triangular-shaped nodes that are morphologically similar to those of other Anseriformes, they may lack these expanded nodes on some barbules within a single plumulaceous barb. (a) cEB vs. cLB, (b) cEB vs. cEF, (c) cEF vs. cMF, and (d) cMF vs. cLF. Chuong CM. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help McKinnell IW, Makarenkova H, de Curtis I, Turmaine M, Patel K. EphA4, RhoB and the molecular development of feather buds are maintained by the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton. Abd-Elhafeez HH, Soliman SA. Cell. Tenascin-C has been shown to evolve rapidly in avian lineages [29]. If expanded nodes act to trap air, as suggested by Dove (2000), it is possible that having fewer nodes per barbule and fewer barbs with expanded nodes would be advantageous for deep-diving birds because it would reduce buoyancy by trapping less air within the feathers. (a) Morphology of body (left) and flight feathers (right). Chi-Tang Mao, Email: wt.ude.acinis.etag@uammij. Our study supports the previous findings that temporal and spatial variation of BMP signals are critical for generating branching differences between pennaceous and plumulaceous body feathers because genes involved in BMP signaling were significantly upregulated in the plumulaceous portions. True JR, Carroll SB. An integrative approach to understanding bird origins. When identifying feathers using microscopic characters, it is often important to begin by determining the highest possible taxonomic group of the unknown sample. Moreover, the basal branch pattern is formed by differential cell death and regulated by NCAM, SHH, and caspase. 0. For total RNA extraction, we used the Taiwan County Chicken (TCC_L2) breed chicken for wing flight feathers and white leghorn for body contour feathers. (XLSX 62kb), Canonical pathways for cEB vs. cLB differentially expressed gene set. Prior to statistical analyses performed with R v2.15.3 (R Development Core Team 2011), raw read counts were normalized by Fragments Per Kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads (FPKM). Feathers have diverse forms with hierarchical branching patterns and are an excellent model for studying the development and evolution of morphological traits. Principal component analysis of gene expression profiles. Barbule length was measured from the ramus to the tip of the barbule. Morphological characteristics were studied from images of feathers using imageJ and Nikon Stereo microscope (Model-SMZ-445). A.Gebauer, and (A) Pronged nodes are usually present on barbules of the distal portion of the barb or on the very tips of barbules, while (B) expanded, triangular-shaped nodes are typically located on the distal portion of barbules that are proximal on the barb. We conducted transcriptomic analysis of five zones of feather morphologies from two feather types at different times during their regeneration after plucking. Chang KW, Huang NA, Liu IH, Wang YH, Wu P, Tseng YT, et al. Prum RO. Airola K, Ahonen M, Johansson N, Heikkila P, Kere J, Kahari VM, et al. The present study provides a basis for future study of the complex molecular and cellular events during feather development. Thanks to the feasibility of experimental manipulation and observation, feather regeneration can be analyzed in a comprehensive way and has been proposed to be a unique model for understanding organogenesis [11]. Chuong CM, Edelman GM. Box 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador, Check-list of North American birds. 2). Although this study focused on differences between the dabbling and diving tribes, two species of sea ducks (Mergini), Black Scoter (Melanitta nigra) and Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis), were examined for comparison of feather characters in closely allied but distinct taxonomic groups. o Stratum Corneum: Stratified keratinized squamous epithelium, several layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells o Petrylae vs apeteria o Feathers o Differences between Pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers o Terms: calamus, rachis, babs, barbules, babicles o Recognize: Filoplume, bristle, contour, remiges, rectrices, down. The plumulaceous feathers associated with the . Barbs consist of a rachilla with vanules on either side which in turn are made up of . Among the 702 DEGs, 263 genes were up-regulated and 404 genes were down-regulated in the proximal flight feather in comparison to the calamus (Fig. The incidental pore: CaV1.2 and stem cell activation in quiescent hair follicles. The current study investigated the macroscopic and microscopic differences between pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers. Genes involved in skeletal system development, tube development, melanin biosynthetic process, regulation of RNA metabolic process, drug metabolism, respiratory tube development, and lytic vacuole were expressed significantly higher in early-grow flight feather (Table2). The morphology of the barbules distinguished pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers, particularly the shape of barbules during their development. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. A pennaceous feather has a stalk or quill. - basic vaned feathers of body and wing. qPCR validation of 10 genes with biological replicates. The diving ducks (Aythyini and Mergini) averaged fewer than two expanded nodes per barbule, whereas dabbling species (Anatini) averaged nearly three expanded nodes per barbule. Engineered cartilage reorganises fibre network. PMID: 31581344 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24276 Abstract The current study investigated the macroscopic and microscopic differences between pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers. These analyses shed light on the genetic basis of feather diversity. Our results showed that genes involved in smooth muscle contraction, such as ADRA1A, ITPR3, PLA2G4A, ACTG2, ARHGEF12, PLCB4, PLA2G12A, ITPR2, PLA2G10, RAMP2, and PLA2G4C are differentially expressed. J.Govan. Copyright Our results show that birds living in environments with low ambient temperature have long plumulaceous feather lengths, low barb density, and low pennaceous barbule density. Prum RO, Brush AH. Collagen types I and III, and fibronectin are known to be involved in feather morphogenesis in the chick embryo [66]. Molecular evidence for an activator-inhibitor mechanism in development of embryonic feather branching. En un anlisis de componentes principales (PCA), ms del 75% de la variacin en los caracteres del plumn entre distintas especies de patos fue explicada por los primeros dos componentes. Di-Rong Chen, Email: moc.liamg@5382nehcyrrehc. Immunofluorescent localization of collagen types I and III, and of fibronectin during feather morphogenesis in the chick embryo. Pohl M, Stuart RO, Sakurai H, Nigam SK. (b) Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of gene expression profile. However, the diving tribes were distinguished from Anatini by having fewer barbules with expanded nodes, fewer expanded nodes per barbule, and shorter barbule lengths. They did not evolve directly from reptilian scales, as once was thought. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies This measurement required examination of multiple barbules per barb on each individual specimen. These proteins may have evolved new functions or properties in feathers and it is worth further investigation. Because there can be a wide range of variation within feather characters of a species, it is essential to examine as many individuals as possible and obtain average measurements from a population of barbs when conducting studies such as this. Feather, Chicken, Development, Transcriptome, RNA-seq. [56]. Lei, 8600 Rockville Pike The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The up-regulation of genes in these groups may be due to the need of large quantities of protein synthesis in the pennaceous portion of the body feather. 4c, Additional file 8: Table S7). Oshlack A, Robinson MD, Young MD. CNS wrote the manuscript with help from other authors. What is the difference between pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers? Reports by Horton (1990) of microbiometric differences in geese and swans (Anserini), and qualitative observations of whistling-ducks (Dendrocygnini), suggest that there may also be microscopic differences in these tribes, thus this warrants further study. For those genes with a FPKM>0.1 (FPKM=Fragments Per Kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads), there were 12,608 genes expressed in all three biological replicates of at least one type of the feather epithelium in the total transcriptomes. Gap junction alpha-5 protein (GJA5), also known as connexin 40 (CX40), is an integral membrane protein that oligomerizes to form intercellular channels that are clustered at gap junctions which are present in supportive cells located in the vicinity of barbule cells [59]. Anatini also typically had more barbules with expanded nodes than other groups studied here (Fig. 2) Length of pennaceous section: the region of the feather with inter-locking barbs. Over 75% of the variation in feather characters among these ducks was explained by the first two components of a principal components analysis (PCA). Molecular signaling in feather morphogenesis. Because a suite of microscopic feather characters can be used to discriminate the diving from the dabbling ducks, it is possible to distinguish some groups of ducks based on microscopic feather characters alone. Evo-devo and an expanding evolutionary synthesis: a genetic theory of morphological evolution. Among the up-regulated genes in the pennaceous portion of the body feather, the expression of genes involved in translation, oxidative phosphorylation, pyrimidine metabolism, ribosomal subunit, ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase activity, and RNA polymerase was increased significantly (Table2). Li S, Wang C, Yu W, Zhao S, Gong Y. A phylogenetic analysis testing these characters among groups within the Anseriformes is needed to clarify homoplasy and phylogenetic signal, but this study clearly shows that diving ducks (Aythyini and Mergini) have similar microscopic feather characters among taxa and are diagnostically distinct from most dabbling ducks (Anatini). Sci Rep. 2021 Mar 11;11(1):5775. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85166-w. Abd-Elhafeez HH, Abdo W, Kamal BM, Soliman SA. The Redhead and Ring-necked Duck also clustered near the Canvasback in full PCA. (16K, xlsx)Summary of the 15 feather epithelial transcriptomes. (XLSX 11kb), cEB vs. cLB differentially expressed gene set (shown in FPKM and fold change). 3) Total length of feather: the sum of the downy and pennaceous sections. The cycling parameters of RT-qPCR were as follows: 95C for 3min, then 40cycles of 95C for 10s, and annealing for 20s. Gene names and primer sequences are shown in Additional file 3: Table S2. When quantifying microscopic feather characters, it is imperative to always study the same feathers, and the same regions within feathers, across taxa to avoid inconsistency in data collection. Functional enrichment analysis of the DEGs in different transcriptomes by the DAVID functional annotation clustering tool, The genes were analyzed by the Functional Annotation Clustering Tool. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Among these genes, 9,638 are expressed at all five samples, 10,001 are co-expressed in cEB and cLB, 10,173 are co-expressed in cEB and cEF, 11,283 are co-expressed in cEF and cMF, and 11,132 are co-expressed in cMF and cLF. LIM domain-only protein 4 (LMO4) is expressed in mouse hair follicles, especially in the sebaceous glands, undifferentiated bulb cells, and the outer epithelial root sheath [57]. White leghorn chickens were used for body contour feathers to avoid melanin contamination, which is difficult to remove and can inhibit essential enzymatic reactions for RNA-seq [80, 81]. Chuong CM, Chodankar R, Widelitz RB, Jiang TX. Yu-Ting Lai, Email: moc.liamg@7021dlawso. Lin CM, Jiang TX, Widelitz RB, Chuong CM. Many genes involved in extracellular region and cell adhesion were up-regulated significantly in the middle-grow flight feather (Table2). Basal plumulaceous barbs from both feather vanes of breast feathers of dabbling and diving ducks were measured in this study. Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Box 37012, Washington, DC 37012-7012. Losos JB, Arnold SJ, Bejerano G, Brodie ED, 3rd, Hibbett D, Hoekstra HE, et al. Compared to the close proximal part of the flight feather, the calamus expressed significantly more genes involved in extracellular matrix and cell adhesion (Table2). 0. Presence of pigmentation (nodal and internodal) varied greatly among individuals and was not considered in this quantitative analysis. (XLS 35kb)Additional file 12: Table S11. They may have been co-opted to develop an evolutionary novelty. Development and evolutionary origin of feathers. (D) Silky-feather contour feather. (XLSX 62kb)Additional file 10: Table S9. Shh-Bmp2 signaling module and the evolutionary origin and diversification of feathers. (XLS 50kb)Additional file 11: Table S10. State-dependent signaling by Cav1.2 regulates hair follicle stem cell function. (270K, pdf)The feather samples used in this study. Skin morphogenesis. Differential expression of three chick FGF receptor genes, FGFR1, FGFR2 and FGFR3, in limb and feather development. Data were analyzed using Systat 9.0 SPSS (1998). Diving species have fewer expanded nodes, less buoyant plumage, and are more efficient at foraging in deeper water than dabbling ducks. Careers. Reaney, Photomicrographs were taken under a Motic (Motic Instruments, Inc., British Columbia, Canada) BA400 microscope with a Jenoptik (Jena, Germany) ProgRes C12 digital camera. 5, Additional file 12: Table S11). Yasue A, Tao H, Nohno T, Moriyama K, Noji S, Ohuchi H. Cloning and expression of the chick p63 gene. Received 2015 Jun 2; Accepted 2015 Sep 30. The results of this study pose interesting questions concerning the morphology of some downy feather characters and suggest that microscopic feather characters of ducks have functional significance. This forms a miniature velcro-like mesh that holds all the barbs together, stabilizing the vanes. We examined downy barbs from breast feathers of eighteen species of ducks in the tribes Anatini, Aythyini, and Mergini that commonly breed in North America American Ornithologists' Union (1998). Nohno T, Kawakami Y, Ohuchi H, Fujiwara A, Yoshioka H, Noji S. Involvement of the Sonic hedgehog gene in chick feather formation. (XLS 46kb)Additional file 13: Table S12. Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan, Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, 20401 Taiwan, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA, Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan, Center for the Integrative and Evolutionary Galliformes Genomics (iEGG Center), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan, Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
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