Fellow constitutional monarchy Malaysia appears the only neighbour doing well, which might be why Cambodia is attempting to revive its own monarchy after the experience of their Khmer Rouge republic. Several types of political systems have done so, including despotic monarchies, militarist regimes, and other authoritarian and totalitarian systems. God Save the Queen: The Strange Persistence of Monarchies Our Constitutional Monarchy is thus: the government is the one true authority and the Constitution provides for it. They believe that countries with exiled royals should return them to the throne, and that nations without monarchies should consider a switch. Finding people to reject the monarchists vision is not hard, even in Britain, where Queen Elizabeth II is revered by many. It is corrupt and secretive.. Read Quadrant online or as a printed magazine Starting at $88.00 a year. It was acknowledged at Federation that royal assent was essentially a rubber stamp. Machiavelli concluded that only the stability of combining the different focuses all three types into one system, makes it possible to get long-term stability, with any two elements hopefully eventually preventing a disastrous takeover by the third. For all the comments to indicate a need for mum to be in control and us not to be in control of our own country amazes me. Republics make up 90% of developing nations and all non developed nations. A phenomenon called the valley of tears a period of stagnationafter institutional reforms is not only less, but doesnt appear in Monarchies. In the event, the loan was never consummated. Given that the Queen in her very old age has capitulated to the partisan politics of climate, these two inheritors could ask Anne, The Princess Royal, for some good advice on how to be dutiful and apolitical. First reconciliation, then a republic starting with changing the date of Australia Day. As it turns out the Australian Senate move to block supply because the Senate , being the elected watch dog (Cur), if you like Kerrs Cur ,acted on behalf and in the interests and on behalf of the fair dinkum Australians, as it had a loss or lost confidence in that ALP Government which was being run by Gough Whitlam. The Saudi Arabian Royal Family keeps rebels in check by beheading them (or stopping rebellions by giving everyone un-clean oil-money), not by being a respected figurehead. That indicated to this non-PR, non-woke English speaker that the premier shut down the anti-vaxxers office. **** . There is style, a mystery and ethos with a monarch, he said. The link you provided on this point leads to an article in The Independent showing that the figures you used arent accurate. Faceless bureaucracies make all the decisions, having been given vast regulatory power by parliaments. Constitutional monarchy - a system of government in which a monarch is guided by a constitution whereby his/her rights, duties, and responsibilities are spelled out in written law or by custom. When they get older they become independent and control their own lives. With the death of QEII, the debate is obviously being revived. In fact our own 1975 sample of the states rights Senate and the reserve power Governor General combining against an autocratic Whitlam government, reinforces the joke that it is only in a constitutional monarchy that the umpire calling an election could be considered a constitutional crisis. In the April edition of The Monthly, he wrote: In a world filling with tyrants, Queen Elizabeth and her descendants represent a sort of anti-tyranny. The best solution would be if Charles stepped aside and William took the reins while he was still young enough to be guided into a proper sense of regal duty. . In the Republic of Ireland, the work-load is still split between the President and the Prime Minister. Currently, The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry are attempting to remove the stigma surrounding mental health. Here are eight reasons why constitutional monarchy is the best form of government. But Saudi Arabia's monarchy is more vulnerable today than many of the royals would like to admit, and Biden should frame a push for reform as the only way to save the monarchy after the Khashoggi scandal. George VI and Queen Elizabeth steered Britain through WWII (Library and Archives Canada). **** Decolonization produced republics most of the time, though not all of the time. Even to pose the question is to risk being assailed as reactionary and on the side of privilege. **** A royal family will always represent the elite and the aristocracy, no one else. But some of the arguments here are tenable. Sky News - back to home. I dont accept that a monarchy acts as a break on governments acting autocratically and I certainly dont accept that it makes any difference in the modern world where inflated bureaucracies backed by super-powerful police can do whatever they like. It appears that he might have had a revelation about his own youthful emotional attraction to a republic. The monarch may be the de facto head of state or a purely ceremonial leader. Save a few rogue leaders in thepast, they also want to try the best for their people no one wants to be remembered in a bad light: Japanese Emperor Hirohito advocated for surrender after WWII, despite the military wanting to fight on, and he saved thousands of lives. Unfortunately that wont happen either. Off topic, but Ill put in in under Queens English. It is designed to intimidate current holders of the office. Malaysia, Tonga and Lesotho are also monarchies. Skip to content. It is more difficult to imagine a Donald Trump, a Rodrigo Duterte or a Viktor Orban coming to power in a genuine constitutional monarchy, although perhaps Thaksin Shinawatra's success in . On his own dime, Mr. Hutson has repeatedly traveled to Serbia to promote the prince, who was born in exile in London and later moved to Belgrade. Countries that use absolutism form of governance are more stable because the people look up to a single leader as their sovereign head. **** Canon Kenneth W. Gunn-Walberg, the rector of St. Marys Anglican Church in Wilmington, Del., and leader of the Monarchist Leagues chapter for the Eastern states, said the appeal of monarchies was simple. Most people think monarchies are something anachronistic, he said. These are Denmark, New Zealand, Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Canada. Supporting monarchies is expensive, and if I were a British taxpayer, I would be concerned about the size of the extended royal family. Presidents come and go. I might as well contradict whats been said just to make sure that both sides of the coin are seen. I believe that becoming a parliamentary republic like Ireland would be much better for Britain. Polls show that now, more than ever, politicians are not considered to be trustworthy. England moved increasingly in the direction of representative government and constitutional monarchy, leading to a gradual reduction in the power of the monarch rather than a fierce overrule, as it was . it might be that you found that the monarchies were, on average, more stable, and had . Hello. The problem with the loan from Khemlani was that the Whitlam government proposed to bypass the Loans Council on the dubious basis that the loan was for temporary purposes. Were politics rational, we would abandon our double-headed head of state and retain the governor-general but with the title of president. Monarchs usually both hold and achieve their position through the right of hereditary succession (e.g., they were related, often the son or daughter, of the previous monarch . absolute monarchies score higher than constitutional monarchies in external risk and fiscal . A London-based grass-roots organization called Republic, which wants the country to hold a referendum on the monarchy when the queen dies, says bluntly on its website, The monarchy isnt fit for purpose. It isnt very often that crowds gather when a politician is in town but when a royal visit is announced, the Union Flags come out and flowers are purchased to hand over as a sign of respect. Countries need both national symbols and political umpires, and the hereditary principle seems to satisfy both needs in a range of countries. allowing a rapid change in legislation and policy as long as there is a stable majority or coalition in parliament, . Andreas Bergh and Christian Bjrnskov find that social trust is higher in monarchies, which is associated withlower crime and lower corruption. STD, Kerr did not act against Whitlam because of the Khemlani affair. Disloyalty- the quality of not being loyal to someone, country, organisation; unfaithfulness, an accusation of being disloyal or betrayal. Without the backstop of Reserve Power (previously exercised a number of times in Victoria), by the end of this week Andrews will be able to jail an individual in perpetuity without a charge, trial, conviction or right of appeal. Good point there. So monarchies seeming more stable than republics in recent centuries is Survivorship bias - Wikipedia. The Third Republic was a disaster too. **** Compared to, say, Japan and Denmark? Queen Elizabeth II and her husband, Prince Philip, at a parade in London in 2016 for the monarchs 90th birthday. democratic regimes in which power is shared between a prime minister and a monarch, can be explained by reference to Huntington's notion of the King's dilemma and the size of countries. But Count Tolstoy insists that monarchists are not pining for the days of absolute rulers and the divine right of kings, when Henry VIII of England could order up the execution of unwanted wives and political foes. The constitutional existence of the Crown, per se, has the value of denying autocratic power to others; from my viewpoint, this is a very good reason for it to exist. The USA has shown the lead. Its not a matter of sometimes the government getting its way against our better judgement, its a case of the government always getting its way. In the end, Altman simply accepts that constitutional monarchies are not going away, because they are generally more stable, and almost always result in freer and fairer government: The presence of a monarch is a check on the behaviour of politicians.. In a refreshing contrast to too many modern academics, Altmans investigation simply presents facts shorn of bias. Good point Elizabeth. The reason countries with monarchies seem to have better-working economies probably stems more from the fact that these countries are more stable than that hey have a monarchy. Picture by i-Images. Its not just the quoted samples in Europe and Asia. Ive always been a big believer in constitutional monarchy and more so of the British royal family. It invents every day new ways to get around whatever little restrictions may be imposed on it, and the Supreme Courts cant be relied upon to stop it. A monarchy is hardly different, nor does it make a difference. He was advised by the Attorney General and the Prime Minister that the loan was kosher. If De Gaulles son had been interested in politics, would they have needed a Fourth, or a Fifth?). A constitutional monarchy, parliamentary monarchy, or democratic monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions. To you the Australian Constitution thank you in the main for being a brake on rampant abuses of political power and offering us the Australian people safe harbour from deviant political behaviour at both ends of that spectrum . Kerr thought this was doubtful (since it was for infrastructure and was borrowed over 20 years) but he regarded that as a justiciable matter and not within his province. Led by Mauro F. Guilln, a management professor at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, the study found robust and quantitatively meaningful evidence that monarchies outperform other forms of government. The fact of the matter is that their modus operandi is to project guilt on to others, and thus destroy the confidence in society. **** Are constitutional monarchies more stable, and are/were they more resilient against totalitarian/fascist takeovers? At least our head of state only has reserve powers at the direction of the Australian Governor general. I pray every day the monarchy may eventually speak out; but the less they do, the less likely they will do. **** I just wanted to clarify things a bit. This was followed over 1808-1826 by most of Latin. @ Doubting Thomas: Not to mention all the other levels of government in a country the size of California. 8. The fashion industry has also experienced the effect: the Kate effect of brands worn and endorsed has seen 152 million pumped into the industry. There is an alternative, he wrote in an opinion article for The New York Times before the 2016 election. Various states and governments obviously exist around the world. High-performing democratic political cultures such as monarchies are characterised by legal continuity, compromise, self-limitation, suspicion of radicalism, and regular, moderate adjustments and policy corrections. This is how constitutional monarchies have evolved, ever since the democratic Commons and the oligarchic Lords began experimenting with the process by combining to execute an autocratic Charles I. Inevitably, within a few years the remnants of the Commons were forced to combine with the Lords and a renewed monarchy, to replace the dictator Oliver Cromwell. The constructional monarchy allows the Governor General to remove a corrupt elected official who is in contempt (E,G Whitlam) or exercising his powers in breach ( illegally)of the constitution, in the Whitlam case that being the Australian Labor Party. They do not appreciate the important ideological reasons for a monarchy.. Countries ruled by constitutional monarchy include the UK, Spain, and Belgium. Indeed, Altman concludes: Monarchy is, in principle, indefensible for anyone who believes in democratic values Yet it remains deeply entrenched and popular in a number of states that rate highly on most measures of democracy. STD, it is true that the electorate punted Labor because they were corrupt (arguably) and incompetent but that is not why Kerr dismissed Whitlam. 2. What they were trying to do was bypass Australian Treasury procedures which placed them in breach of the Australian constitution Theres continuity, a sense of history with a monarchy., A version of this article appears in print on, Whats the Cure for Ailing Nations? Constitutional monarchy is the best form of government, so despite many people saying that having a Monarch as Head of State is good for tourism, and not much else, were going to prove otherwise. In the World Banks ease of doing business index, five of the top ten have monarchies: New Zealand, Denmark, Norway, the UK and Australia. Instead, his group advocates constitutional monarchies, in which a king or queen is head of state and the real power rests with an elected Parliament much like those in Belgium, Britain, Denmark, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway and Spain (although demonstrators in 2014 demanded a referendum on the Spanish royal family after King Juan Carlos abdicated). I think the only impact the loans affair would have had on the dismissal decision would have been sub-conscious. absolutist monarchies lasted longer than constitutional monarchies, such as those bequeathed Egypt and Iraq. Gough Whitlam dismissed at 1pm on the 11 November 1975. The steady evolution Altman notes among most constitutional monarchies compares favourably with the standard republican alternatives to handling any constitutional issues: Robespierre and Napoleon, the US Civil War, Hitler and Stalin, Idi Amin and Pol Pot, Syria and Afghanistan. He is also the guy who gave us the trio of republics appeal to those motivated by ideals, monarchies to those motivated by honour, and tyrannies to those motivated by fear. There are no reliable estimates of how many monarchists there are in the United States. More information: How the monarch got its spots: long-distance migration selects for larger white spots on monarch butterfly wings, . The republican debate has no implications for our membership of the Commonwealth. Only those who desire to kowtow to tyrants (frex those screaming Islamophobia and wishing to suck up to China) are left out of our system. Those documents demonstrated not only attempts to impose rational plans on new nations but also the changing attitudes of elites toward their societies. Petra Schleiter and Edward Morgan-Jones suggest that governments withconstitutional monarchies are more likely to consult their people with early elections, in comparison to both appointed and directly elected presidents. They are all communists. But because of this ambush, he was very wary of Whitlam and his gang from that point on. Mr. Guilln says he was shocked by the results, which have not yet been published. Dr Jim Cairns demoted and dismissed for misleading parliament in regards to irregularities with regard to overseas loans. A lot of our elected representatives are just as stupid as the rest of us. I dont support republicanism but as I said if we dont stop Big Government then our country is doomed and the monarchy has so far done nothing. The issue of modern government is its size and power. Put simply the matter was referred back to the electorate (jury) of which they returned a guilty verdict to the Australian Labor Party ( ACP ,no U)proxy for the Australian Communist Party and punted them out of office, Maxpart27. As the symbolic head of state, the monarch is also the head of the government and the legislature. The fact the role is life-long (very few Monarchs abdicate, save the Dutch, for whom it is tradition) means theycant be bought: they cant gain more power without lots of rule changes in Parliamentand they dont need the money. While focusing on the practical stability of the constitutional monarchy system, Altman also acknowledges the additional emotional value of loyalty to pomp and ceremony: In the end, the existence of a constitutional monarch is a silent brake on the tendency of governments to act autocratically.. More wealthy, stable and long-lasting countries are less likely to have corruption than countries that has an un-favourable geography that might make it less stable, and therefore, less investable. So much for protestations of shared democratic values from Commonwealth leaders. The middle man to receive a commission for organising the loan was the Greek developer Gerry Karidis- a close friend of Clyde Cameron. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/the-biggest-myth-about-the-queen-her-contribution-to-the-british-economy-10491277.html American monarchists also find ways to help the cause abroad. The myriad examples Altman quotes of flexibility in the constitutional monarchy system ultimately fail to make much of a case for his books subtitle and its strange persistence. Former Bank of England rate-setterTim Besley wrote a paper suggesting countries with weak executive constraints that went from a non-hereditary leader to a hereditary leader (ie a Monarchy) increases the annual average economic growth of the country by 1.03% per year that is a lot! Seretse was the most educated man available and had a family history of ruling the area. The fact that it could in theory be used is not relevant. What Australia needs is good descent people, not rissoles like Rudd, Turnbull or Gough. In some constitutional monarchies, the head of state may be purely ceremonial. Heres a wild card. Instead, the king's or queen's powers, rights, duties, and responsibilities in the political system are limited by constitutional rules and principles, statutory laws, court decisions, and even customary rules of political behavior. If Americans have utterly failed to . And remember the coronation oath that British Monarchs swear? But NO their is to be taken as singular and it was the premiers office that was shut down. Soft diplomacy is also a great weapon, and is currently being deployed in the UK as Brexit negotiations begin, with the Cambridges having visited Paris, and Prince Charles and Camilla having completed a tour of central Europe. Count Tolstoy has written books on ancient and postwar British history. Here are eight reasons why constitutional monarchy is the best form of government. Governing a country is hard work just look how soon new leaders start showing theirgreys! Lionel Murphy had links with Abe Saffron. 2015-document.write(new Date().getFullYear()) The Crown Chronicles, an entity of London Reign Communications Ltd, registered company 09980169. Governments come and go they can even be toppled but Monarchy endures. . Their core arguments: Countries with monarchies are better off because royal families act as a unifying force and a powerful symbol; monarchies rise above politics; and nations with royalty are generally richer and more stable. People would generally rather be invited to a Palace than a political building, wouldnt they? A constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a nonelected monarch functions as the head of state within the limits of a constitution. Grow up. From The Australians web site: Premier targeted by disgusting threats How about obvious comparisons like the proto-constitutional monarchies of Jordan and Morocco versus their neighbouring republics like Syria, Lebanon and Egypt? Sir Garfield Barwick the Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia ( an ex Liberal minister) advised the GG Sir John Kerr ( a Labor appointee and man) that he had legal rights and an exercisable duty in the constitution to dismiss the Government , because essentially it cannot govern without supply. Bulgaria, Romania and Yugoslavia had theirs deposed by the communists, and Italys 1946 plebiscite chose republicanism. As to any actual, individual monarch, not a fig. Nine things you should know about a potential Australian republic. There is resoundingly no interest in him coming back as king. Although a number of monarchies have been deposed by their own governments or by military coups or invaders, Altman notes that the vast majority of referendums to abolish monarchies over the last two centuries have been comprehensively defeated, including Australias 1999 referendum. The fact that the has only been one Vice-Regal intervention in 50 years is as it should be. Learn how your comment data is processed. Monarch breeding population is stable. . And the mother/child analogy is as inappropriate as it is irrelevant. To the Australian Senate we the Australian people understand the reasons that you blocked and or cut off power supply to the Gough Whitlam Australian Labor Party, your no confidence remains for ever thus in our confidences as shown agreeably in the ballot box . So which authority should force him to do something different. We support the retention and restoration of monarchies anywhere in the world, Count Tolstoy said. Yes, the American and French Presidencies are over-extravagant and over-powerful. With the excesses of republican leaders, ranging from Xi to Putin to Erdogan to Trump on our front pages every day, Altman struggles to make a convincing argument against monarchy with such examples. Which of these countries have done better as a result? These examples underline the safeguards offered by constitutional monarchy to the ever expanding number of people who distrust elected politicians. Furthermore, in developing countries absolutism is an affective way to create a state from nothing, as Botswana had, but mustn't be used beyond this stage. The Queen and her representative the Governor General Sir John Kerr did not seek the removal of the Australian Labor Party and its elected Prime Minister Mr E,G Whitlam on political grounds, Whitlam was dismissed on constitutional grounds, because of a lack of confidence at the level of the senate that coalesced into the blocking of supply. Why is Constitutional Monarchy a good thing? Watch Live. None of this is related to a monarchy; all of it is related to education and lifestyle. A constitutional monarchy is the opposite of an absolute . In Australia its a more vexed question. The British Monarchy cost 40 million in 2015/16 (and The Queen does not receive a wage for her work), the Dutch 31 million, Norway 17.2 million, 11.6 million for the Swedish Head of State, 10.8 million in Belgium, the Danish Monarchy cost totalled 9.1 million and the Spanish 6.1 million (from the Telegraph). Machiavelli explained political stability centuries ago in The Discourses, where he pointed out that of the three main types of governmentmonarchical (inheritance), oligarchical (interest groups) and democratic (licentiousness)democracy has by far the shortest perspective. Exactly what is the real role of the Thai monarch is shrouded in deliberate mystery, maintained by very strict prohibitions on free discussion within Thailand. Whitlam was dismissed because he proposed to govern without supply. On the night of 13 Dec 1974, Kerr was in Sydney attending the opera. The first decolonized nation was thirteen ex-British North American colonies that decided to join up into a single nation rather than stay thirteen separate nations. But before diving in, it's important to break down the distinctions between the types of monarchies that exist today. The Khemlani thing was illegal and corrupt intent. Extreme anti-vaxxers have made such disgusting and disturbing threats that one premier has been forced to shut down their office. I read an excellent article by him in Volume 28 (2016) of the Samuel Griffith Society. Another example might be if it were proposed (as it has been by some activist groups) that we should lower the burden of criminal proof in sexual assault cases to on the balance of probabilities. **** All monarchs still being human beings, he can, and obviously does, identify monarchs who have been prize idiots or behaved irresponsibly or even corruptly. **** Monarchies are more democratically legitimate LONDON,. The monarchy completely goes by young people who lack of a sense of history., He insists, however: Im not giving up.. Roslan Rahman/Agence France-Presse Getty Images. But presidencies generally cost A LOT more we only need mention President Trumps continued visits to Mar a Lago, estimated to cost $1-3million per go. 6. He wrote that a nations freedom depended on the 3 powers of governancelegislative, executive and judicialeach having their own separate institution. Daniel Andrews seems to have majority support in Victoria. Where was the monarchy when we had facial recognition cameras installed in our cities just like China? Keep up the good work. The Danes once ruled Britain, so the historical precedent of Danish rule is there, as is the historical precedent of inviting in a more favoured Royal to be Monarch: William and Mary were invitees in 1688, as was the Hanoverian George 1 in 1714. The Republican drum is once more being thumped in Australia, with all of its possible problems. There are countries, most notably Switzerland, perhaps Ireland, where the absence of monarchy does not impel politicians to become too magisterial. Political power in a constitutional monarchy is shared between the monarch and an organized government such as the British Parliament. The best recent examples include the King of Thailand (who is raising self-indulgent to heights hardly seen since Marie Antoinette), and the recently abdicated King of Spain. The fact that supply was blocked may well have peeved Gough Whitlam personally , however the fact remains that the Senate had good reasons did they not, for lacking confidence leading to the Whitlam Governments loss of supply. Also, republics arent inherently more costly than monarchies France and USA are slightly messed-up monarchies where the republic has far too much power and money. The Monarchy will NOT be on its last legs in 2030 heres why, Royal rewind: the House of Windsor is born, Kate visits family support centre to see positive alternative to prison, Prince William continues tour of UK to launch plan to solve homelessness, Members of the Royal Family attend Ascot 2023, Prince William launches Homewards his answer to ending homelessness, Camillas Jewellery: Grenadier Guards Brooch, The Princess of Wales praises childrens hospices for shining light in the darkest times, William teases big project to combat homelessness in Times interview, Garter Day service brings crowds to see Royals at Windsor Castle, King Charles III leads the Royal Family in his first Trooping the Colour, Garter Day service brings crowds to see Royals, King Charles III leads the Royal Family in, King and Queen make coronation visit to Northern, Royals enjoy Chelsea Flower Show, highlighting nature and, Queen Camilla helps to launch Coronation Libraries project, Charles thanks Armed Forces for their exceptional contribution, Princess Eugenie and Jack welcome baby Ernest, William and Catherine attend Jordanian Royal Wedding with, The Coronation Concert takes place at Windsor Castle, Members of the Royal Family attend street parties, The Queen celebrates winners of the 2022 Queens, Prince Charles opens Birmingham Commonwealth Games joined by, Royal tours across the globe to mark the, Australia to mark The Queens Platinum Jubilee, Queen leads Royals in tributes for Commonwealth Day, It might be quite alarming Queen jokes, Royal Family will share TV Commonwealth Day message, Canadian Governor General Julie Payette resigns after toxic, Duchess Sophie supports local charities in Surrey, Duchess Sophie visits Iraq to support the Women,, Edward and Sophie help train guide dog puppies, Archie and Lillibet Sussex confirmed to be using, The Queens State Funeral goodbye to Elizabeth, Royal procession heads to Westminster Hall as Queen, The Queens coffin leaves Scotland for the last, William, Catherine, Harry and Meghan reunite as they, Royals give thanks for Queens 70 years of, Queen misses Trooping the Colour but marks Platinum, Kate visits family support centre to see positive, Prince William continues tour of UK to launch, Prince William launches Homewards his answer to, The Princess of Wales praises childrens hospices for, William teases big project to combat homelessness in, Queens dresser, groom and pallbearers receive awards in, New photograph of the Queen ahead of the, Camilla pays tribute to the late Queen in, Details of the Queens funeral have been announced, King Charles authorises research into royal links to, Anne Boleyn heraldic symbol discovered at auction , Anne Boleyns Book of Hours reveals secret history, Gold and Glory Hampton Court marks 500, Tell me about the Great Vine at Hampton, The Bacton Altar Cloth Elizabeth Is only, A Princes trip across the Empire: Splendours of, King and Queens coronation outfits get summer opening, Tower of London announces a new Crown Jewels, Womens History Month: Princess Elizabeth and her time, Royal Rewind: car park skeleton confirmed to be, Royal Rewind: the wedding of Zara and Mike, Jewellery and portraits are the focus of Buckingham, Hampton Court to host Reading Room literary festival, New James Bond story to celebrate The Kings, Queen Camilla launches Series 10 of her Reading, Series 5 of The Crown entertaining but, Queen remembers beloved Prince Philip in her 2021, Season 5 of The Crown dedicates episode to, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/the-biggest-myth-about-the-queen-her-contribution-to-the-british-economy-10491277.html.
Pistol Permit Application Rochester, Ny, Order Dunkin Donuts For Pickup, Brixton Properties For Sale, Being Used In A Relationship, Rancho La Palma Rosamond Ca, Articles A